Reduced digestible carbohydrate food having reduced blood glucose response

ABSTRACT

Reducing the digestion of digestible carbohydrates in a digestible carbohydrate-based material, and reducing the absorption of the digestion product(s) of digestible carbohydrates (that is, simple sugars) within the small intestine. The undigested digestible carbohydrate and the unabsorbed digestion products pass through the small intestines and into the colon, where they are fermented. In effect, the food materials made by practicing the present invention cause a controlled amount of digestible carbohydrate to by-pass the small intestine, resulting in the fermentation of digestible carbohydrates in the colon. The invention also provides for processing of a digestible carbohydrate-based ingredient with a non-digestible food film material, to form a reduced digestible carbohydrate food having a protective food film network, which can inhibit or prevent digestion of the digestible carbohydrate. The present invention also provides for processing of a digestible carbohydrate-based ingredient with a non-digestible food film material, to provide a resulting reduced digestible carbohydrate food containing a viscosity-building component that contributes to the formation of a viscous intestinal chyme that can inhibit or prevent digestion of the digestible carbohydrate and can inhibit adsorption of digestion products of digestible carbohydrates in the small intestine.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to foods and food ingredients containingdigestible carbohydrates.

In 1985, the World Health Organization (WHO) estimated 30 million peopleworldwide had diabetes. By 1995, this number increased to 135 million.The estimated number rose again in 2000 to 177 million. This number isexpected to reach 370 million by 2030. In 2000, seventeen millionAmericans were estimated to be diabetic. Diabetes in adults is now aglobal health problem. Populations of developing countries, minoritygroups, and disadvantaged communities in industrialized countries facethe greatest risk.

The worldwide incidence of obesity, as defined by WHO, has soared from12% to 18% in just the last seven years. Statistically, one in five ofthe world's population is obese. The US is presently the “fat capital”,with more than 64% of the adult population being overweight. Resultsfrom the US 1999-2000 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey(NHANES), indicate that an estimated 15 percent of children andadolescents (ages 6-19 years) are overweight.

Being either diabetic or overweight substantially raises the risk ofmortality from hypertension, dyslipidemia, type 2 diabetes, coronaryheart disease, stroke, gallbladder disease, osteoarthritis, sleep apnea,respiratory problems, and endometrial, breast, prostate, and coloncancers. In 2002, the estimated US healthcare costs attributed directlyto the treatment of obesity and diabetes were approximately $200 billionannually.

A common factor related to these diseases is a malfunction in themetabolism of digestible carbohydrates. This malfunction causes abnormallevels of blood glucose and insulin. Insulin promotes the production andstorage of fat. High average levels of glucose (>180 mg/dl) in the bloodstream will bind to organ proteins (glycosylation) resulting in thedeterioration of organ function. A measure of glycosylation is the HbA1cblood test that defines the extent to which glucose is bound tohemoglobin. This measurement estimates the average level of glucose inthe blood stream over the 3-month period prior to the test. HbA1c testresults higher than 8.0% (>180 mg blood glucose/dl) are an indicator ofincreased potential for organ damage that includes serious eye,cardiovascular, circulatory, kidney, and nerve diseases.

It is important for diabetics and those that are overweight or obese, toavoid foods with a high glycemic response, i.e. those that result inabnormally high levels of blood glucose soon after ingestion. Instead,diabetics and those controlling their weight require foods having arelatively low blood glucose response (glycemic response or index),which results in a slower rate of glucose release into the blood.Slowing the rate of release of glucose into the blood reduces the riskof both high blood glucose (hyperglycemia) and low blood glucose(hypoglycemia). It has been suggested that significant health advantagescan be achieved if 2 hr postprandial (after a meal) blood glucose levelscan be maintained as close to normal as possible (140 mg/dl). A problemin meeting this goal is experienced when large quantities of foods highin digestible carbohydrates are consumed. Such foods typically includebakery products, pastas, rice, snacks, potatoes, sauces, gravies,beverages, soups, casseroles and candies. These foods, containing highlevels of digestible starch and/or sugars, especially when eaten inexcess can significantly increase 2 hr postprandial blood glucoselevels.

Appetite suppression is another reason for maintaining normal 2 hrpostprandial blood glucose levels.

Herein lie the importance and the need to reduce blood glucose responsesresulting from the consumption of popular foods containing high levelsof digestible carbohydrates. Although there is no official definition of“high levels of digestible carbohydrates”, the Food and Nutrition Boardunder the National Academies of Sciences' Institute of Medicine has seta Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) for Total Digestible Carbohydratefor children and adults to be 130 g/day. It is apparent how this RDA iseasily being surpassed by a large majority of the population whenconsuming their typical diets.

Diabetes is a malfunction in the metabolism of digestible carbohydratescaused by the body's inability to adequately produce or efficientlyutilize insulin. Insulin is needed to facilitate the transport of bloodglucose into cells where it is converted to energy. Failure to transportglucose into cells results in elevated blood glucose levels (normalfasting blood glucose levels are between 70 and 100 mg/dl). There aretwo types of diabetic conditions: juvenile-onset diabetes (Type I) andthe mature-onset diabetes (Type II). In Type I diabetes, the body doesnot produce insulin. The administration of insulin is necessary to lowerblood glucose to normal levels. In Type II diabetes, either the bodydoesn't produce enough insulin or cells lose their ability toefficiently use insulin (insulin resistance) to facilitate the transportof glucose into cells.

Obesity is also a malfunction in the metabolism of digestiblecarbohydrates. High levels of blood insulin can result fromself-administration or as a result of insulin resistance. When insulinresistance occurs, glucose levels rise signaling for the production ofadditional insulin. Thus blood insulin levels become excessive. Inaddition to insulin's role in regulating glucose metabolism, insulinstimulates the synthesis of fats (lipogenesis) and diminishes thebreakdown (lipolysis) and conversion of fat to energy. Thus high levelsof insulin increase fat production and storage causing conditions ofoverweight and obesity.

A primary approach for reducing blood glucose levels and related insulinlevels is the strict adherence to a diet that minimizes postprandialglucose response. However, compliance to a diet that results in normalblood glucose levels is difficult since the majority of foods consumeddaily in a typical diet have high levels of digestible carbohydrates.Consequently, food products and dietary management systems are needed tohelp control and maintain blood glucose levels to as close to normal aspossible, in order to reduce the incidence and complications ofdiabetes. More specifically, there is a need for low digestiblecarbohydrate versions of highly consumed, conventional, starchy, sugary,food products.

It can be concluded that being overweight or having diabetes poses amajor public health challenge. These diseases are epidemic and representleading causes of death worldwide. They also are primarily caused bymalfunction in the metabolism of digestible carbohydrates. Reducing thedigestion and absorption of digestible carbohydrates in the smallintestine can 1) help promote weight loss and control, 2) help reducethe incidence of Type II diabetes, 3) reduce the morbidity and mortalityresulting from diabetes and conditions of obesity, 4) promote betterhealth, and 5) reduce healthcare costs.

It is common art to produce foods containing low levels of digestiblecarbohydrates by diluting their levels in foods with food ingredientsthat are not glycemic (do not produce a blood glucose response).Typically foods with high levels of digestible carbohydrate are dilutedwith proteins, dietary fibers, fats, and resistant starches. Thedilution approach to producing low glycemic foods has severaldisadvantages: 1) the cost of the digestion-resistant carbohydratematerial is usually significantly more expensive due to replacing lowcost digestible carbohydrates with ingredients that are typically 5 to15 times more expensive, 2) the low digestible carbohydrate foodsusually don't have the same consumer acceptance as foods with higherlevels of digestible carbohydrates and 3) compliance to a diet utilizingnon-standard foods can be difficult due to poor organoleptic quality,limited availability of low carbohydrate foods needed to provideadequate nutrition as well as necessary eating enjoyment.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a reduced digestible carbohydrate foodcomprising: 1) at least 50% by weight of available carbohydrate, whereinthe available carbohydrate comprises at least 15% protectedcarbohydrate, and 2) a non-digestible protective material.

The present invention also relates to a reduced digestible carbohydratefood comprising: 1) a available carbohydrate comprising a protectedcarbohydrate, and 2) a non-digestible protective material comprising, byweight: a) at least 10% of at least one of: (i) a structural/viscousfermentable material selected from the group consisting of carrageenan,furcellaran, alginate, gum arabic, gum ghatti, gum tragacanth, karayagum, guar gum, locust bean gum, tara gum, tamarind gum, inulin,arabinoxylans, b-glucans, xyloglucans, pectin, cellulose, curdlan,dextran, gellan gum, rhamsan gum, scleroglucan, welan gum, xanthan gum,gelatin, carboxymethylcellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, propylene glycol alginate,hydroxypropyl guar, modified starches, and mixtures thereof, (ii) astructural protein polymer selected from the group consisting of gluten,modified gluten, casein, soy, whey concentrate, chitosan, amylose, andmixtures thereof; and b) at least 35% of a rheology modifier selectedfrom the group consisting of a low molecular weight saccharide such asglycerin, fructose, a fructooligosaccharide, a polyol, inulin having adegree of polymerization (DP) from about 2-20 and an average DP of about4-7, an oligosaccharide, gum arabic, and partially hydrolyzed guar gum.

The present invention also relates to a reduced digestible carbohydratefood made from a dough, the dough being made by admixturing: 1) adigestible carbohydrate-based ingredient that comprises digestiblecarbohydrate, and 2) a non-digestible protective material. Thenon-digestible protective material comprises, by weight: a) at least 10%of at least one of: (i) a structural/viscous fermentable materialselected from the group consisting of carrageenan, furcellaran,alginate, gum arabic, gum ghatti, gum tragacanth, karaya gum, guar gum,locust bean gum, tara gum, tamarind gum, inulin, arabinoxylans,b-glucans, xyloglucans, pectin, cellulose, curdlan, dextran, gellan gum,rhamsan gum, scleroglucan, welan gum, xanthan gum, gelatin,carboxymethylcellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, propylene glycol alginate,hydroxypropyl guar, modified starches, and mixtures thereof, (ii) astructural protein polymer selected from the group consisting of gluten,modified gluten, casein, soy, whey concentrate, chitosan, amylose, andmixtures thereof; and b) at least 35% of a rheology modifier selectedfrom the group consisting of a low molecular weight saccharide such asglycerin, fructose, a fructooligosaccharide, a polyol, inulin having adegree of polymerization (DP) from about 2-20, and an average DP ofabout 4-7, an oligosaccharide, gum arabic, and partially hydrolyzed guargum.

The present invention also relates to a reduced digestible carbohydratefood having a matrix structure, comprising: 1) a available carbohydratecomprising a protected carbohydrate, and 2) a non-digestible protectivematerial that forms a food film network within the matrix, thenon-digestible protective material having a breaking strength values ofgreater than about 50 dynes/cm², and a elongation to break of at leastabout 10%, and a viscosity of at least about 500 cP at a 10%concentration by weight in water, at 20° C.

The present invention also relates to a reduced digestible carbohydratefood having a matrix structure, comprising: 1) a digestiblecarbohydrate-based ingredient in the form of discrete units, theingredient comprising a available carbohydrate, where a portion of theavailable carbohydrate comprises a protected carbohydrate, and 2) anon-digestible protective material that forms a food film network thatsurrounds the discrete units, to provide digestion resistance to theprotected carbohydrate.

The present invention also relates to a method of making a reduceddigestible carbohydrate ingredient, comprising the steps of: 1)providing a digestible carbohydrate-based ingredient comprising anamount of available carbohydrate, 2) providing a non-digestibleprotective hydrocolloid mixture, and 3) shearing the digestiblecarbohydrate-based ingredient with the non-digestible hydrocolloidmixture under conditions of shear sufficient to form the reduceddigestible carbohydrate ingredient having a carbohydrate digestionresistance of at least 10%.

The present invention also relates to a method of making a reduceddigestible carbohydrate ingredient, comprising the steps of: 1)providing a digestible carbohydrate-based ingredient comprising aavailable carbohydrate and an intrinsic non-digestible hydrocolloid, and2) shearing the digestible carbohydrate-based ingredient underconditions of shear sufficient to form the reduced digestiblecarbohydrate ingredient having a carbohydrate digestion resistance of atleast 10%.

The present invention also relates to a method of reducing the bloodglucose response of a meal, comprising the steps of: 1) providing areduced digestible carbohydrate food comprising an effective amount of anon-digestible protective ingredient, 2) providing a second foodcomprising digestible carbohydrate, 3) consuming a meal comprising thereduced digestible carbohydrate food and the second food, and 4)co-digesting the foods or the meal, whereby non-digestible protectiveingredient protects the digestible carbohydrate in the second food fromdigestion and reduces the blood glucose response of the second food.

The present invention also relates to a reduced digestible carbohydratefood, made from a digestible carbohydrate-based ingredient comprisingdigestible carbohydrate, and a non-digestible protective material,wherein the glycemic load of the reduced digestible carbohydrate food isat least 30% less than the glycemic load of a conventional food madefrom the digestible carbohydrate-based ingredient, excluding anydilution of the reduced digestible carbohydrate food by thenon-digestible protective material.

The present invention also relates to a reduced digestible carbohydratefood, made from a digestible carbohydrate-based ingredient comprisingdigestible carbohydrate, and a non-digestible protective material,wherein the glycemic index of the reduced digestible carbohydrate foodis at least 30% less than the glycemic index of a conventional food madefrom the digestible carbohydrate-based ingredient, excluding anydilution of the reduced digestible carbohydrate food by thenon-digestible protective material.

The present invention also relates to a non-digestible protective foodadditive, comprising by weight: a) at least one of: (i) astructural/viscous fermentable material selected from the groupconsisting of carrageenan, furcellaran, alginate, gum arabic, gumghatti, gum tragacanth, karaya gum, guar gum, locust bean gum, tara gum,tamarind gum, inulin, agar, konjac mannan, arabinoxylans, b-glucans,xyloglucans, pectin, cellulose, curdlan, dextran, gellan gum, rhamsangum, scleroglucan, welan gum, xanthan gum, gelatin,carboxymethylcellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, propylene glycol alginate,hydroxypropyl guar, modified starches, and mixtures thereof, and (ii) astructural protein polymer selected from the group consisting of gluten,modified gluten, casein, soy, whey concentrate, chitosan, amylose, andmixtures thereof; and b) a rheology modifier selected from the groupconsisting of a low molecular weight saccharide such as glycerin,fructose, a fructooligosaccharide, a polyol, inulin having a degree ofpolymerization (DP) from about 2-20 and an average DP of about 4-7, anoligosaccharide, gum arabic, and partially hydrolyzed guar gum.

The present invention also relates to a use of the above food additive,for reducing the blood glucose response of a food to which it is added.

The present invention also relates to a reduced digestible carbohydrateflour in particulate form, comprising: 1) a digestiblecarbohydrate-based flour, and 2) a non-digestible protective ingredient.

The present invention also relates to a reduced digestible carbohydratepasta comprising: a) the grain flour is selected from the groupconsisting of flours of wheat, rye, barley, oat, sorghum, rice, corn,and potato, and b) a non-digestible protective material selected fromthe group consisting of: (1) at least one of: (i) a structural/viscousfermentable material selected from the group consisting of carrageenan,furcellaran, alginate, gum arabic, gum ghatti, gum tragacanth, karayagum, guar gum, locust bean gum, tara gum, tamarind gum, inulin, agar,konjac mannan, arabinoxylans, b-glucans, xyloglucans, pectin, cellulose,curdlan, dextran, gellan gum, rhamsan gum, scleroglucan, welan gum,xanthan gum, gelatin, carboxymethylcellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose,hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, propylene glycolalginate, hydroxypropyl guar, modified starches, and mixtures thereof,(ii) a structural protein polymer selected from the group consisting ofgluten, modified gluten, casein, soy, whey concentrate, chitosan,amylose, and mixtures thereof; and (2) a rheology modifier selected fromthe group consisting of a low molecular weight saccharide such asglycerin, fructose, a fructooligosaccharide, a polyol, inulin having adegree of polymerization (DP) from about 2-20 and an average DP of about4-7, an oligosaccharide, gum arabic, and partially hydrolyzed guar gum.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 shows a bright field illumination microscopic image of aconventional pasta cooked to al dente.

FIG. 2 shows a bright field illumination microscopic image of a pastamade according to the present invention.

FIG. 3 shows a bright field illumination microscopic image of theconventional pasta using a two-stage staining procedure.

FIG. 4 shows a bright field illumination microscopic image of the pastamade according to the present invention using the two-stage stainingprocedure.

FIG. 5 shows a scanning electron microscopic image of the conventionalpasta.

FIG. 6 shows a scanning electron microscopic image of the pasta madeaccording to the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Definitions:

As used herein, the term “total carbohydrate” refers to the mass ofdigestible carbohydrate and dietary fiber material in a food or foodingredient. A traditional method of determining the total carbohydratelevel in a food is to analytically subtract out the fats, proteins,moisture and ash (minerals).

As used herein, the terms “available digestible carbohydrate” and“available carbohydrate” refer to carbohydrate that is ordinarilydigestible in the environment of the small intestines. The terms arealso defined as the “total carbohydrate” minus dietary fiber, which arenot digestible. Available carbohydrate typically includesmonosaccharides, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides.

As used herein, the term “digested carbohydrate” is the digestiblecarbohydrate in a food that are actually digested in the smallintestines; that is, they are enzymatically broken down in the smallintestines into simple sugars and absorbed into the blood stream. Thedigested carbohydrates are the portion of the available carbohydratesthat are digested in the small intestines.

As used herein, the term “protected carbohydrate” is the portion of theavailable carbohydrate in the food that is protected or prevented frombeing digested in the small intestines, and carries over into the colon.The protected carbohydrate is a digestible carbohydrate is protectedfrom being digested.

The present invention provides for reducing the digestion of digestiblecarbohydrates such as disaccharides, oligosaccharides, andpolysaccharides including starches, found in food products and foodingredients. Sugars, cereals, and roots are primary sources ofdigestible carbohydrates. Vegetables, fruits, milk products, legumes andpulses are also common contributors of digestible carbohydrates to thediet.

The invention also provides for preventing absorption, through the wallof the small intestine and into the blood stream, of the digestionproducts of a portion of the digestible carbohydrates (that is,absorbable sugars) from an ingested food, as well as of the sugarspresent in the food prior to ingestion.

In the digestion process, the polysaccharides and oligosaccharides froman ingested food must be broken down with alpha-amylase to disaccharidesin the small intestine. The disaccharide, as the resulting degradationproduct of a starch or oligosaccharide, and other resident disaccharidesin the food, are broken down to monosaccharides by hydrolases attachedto the intestinal brush-border membrane, and the monosaccharides areabsorbed through the wall of the small intestine and into the bloodstream.

Reducing the digestion of a portion of the digestible carbohydrates in afood reduces the glycemic response of that food. The glycemic responseof a food is the incremental area under the blood glucose curveresulting from the ingestion of a serving amount of a test or subjectfood. A level of glucose that equals the blood glucose response of theserving of the food is the glycemic load of the serving of food,expressed as grams of glucose. The glycemic load of the food serving isequivalent to the level of digestible carbohydrate in the food productthat is digested, also expressed in grams.

Consequently, the present invention also provides attenuation of bloodglucose levels by limiting the digestion and adsorption of availabledigestible carbohydrates within the small intestine. Without beinglimited to any particular theory, it is believed that the protectedcarbohydrates pass through the small intestine and into the colon,causing the blood glucose, blood lipid and caloric contributions of thedigestible carbohydrate-containing food to be reduced, and the food'sfiber effects to be enhanced. The protected carbohydrate is a digestiblecarbohydrate that is available and amenable to digestion, but which isnot digested and absorbed in the small intestines as a result of theprocessing of non-digestible protective ingredients into the foodproduct.

One embodiment of the present invention relates to reduced digestiblecarbohydrate foods and to methods for their making, by the use of anon-digestible hydrocolloid material to provide carbohydrate digestionresistance for available digestible carbohydrates in the food, and areduced glycemic response to the food. Processing a digestiblecarbohydrate-based ingredient with a non-digestible hydrocolloidmaterial, can reduce the level of actual digested carbohydrate from theresulting food. The digestible carbohydrate-based ingredient can includefruit and vegetable flours, including grains such as wheat and barley,grasses such as corn and rice, legumes such as soy beans, beans, andyellow chickpeas, and tubers such as potatoes. The present inventionprovides several means for reducing the glycemic response of a food, ora food ingredient, containing digestible carbohydrates.

Protecting Carbohydrates from Digestion:

The invention relates to the use of a Non-Digestible Material (NDM),typically comprising a hydrocolloid, to provide protection to a portionof a digestible carbohydrate of a carbohydrate-based food ingredient.The Non-Digestible Material is typically processed with thecarbohydrate-based food ingredient to convert a portion of the availablecarbohydrate into a protected carbohydrate. The protection can reducethe glycemic effect of the resulting food.

The glycemic effect of a food containing digestible carbohydrate cantherefore be controlled by using the Non-Digestible Ingredient inseveral ways.

Non-Digestible Food Film Component and Network

First, the Non-Digestible Material can be used as a non-digestible FoodFilm Component (FFC), to form a Food Film Network (Food Film Network),thereby modifying the matrix of the resulting Reduced DigestibleCarbohydrate Food (RDCF). Modifying the food matrix with a Food FilmNetwork can block the action of carbohydrate-digesting enzymes, forexample, by coating or encapsulating the cells of digestiblecarbohydrates. The digestible carbohydrate portion in the ReducedDigestible Carbohydrate Food that can not be digested in thegastrointestinal tract is the Protected Carbohydrate (PC).

The level of Protected Carbohydrate (PC), compared to the availabledigestible carbohydrate in a consumed food material, can be expressedas:PC (%)=100*(B−A)/B   (I),wherein A is the amount of digested carbohydrate (digestiblecarbohydrate that is digested and absorbed in the small intestine), andthe B is the total available digestible carbohydrate in the consumedfood. The amount of digested carbohydrate that is digested and absorbedin the small intestine is determined by the in vivo Blood GlucoseResponse Method described herein after, which uses the blood glucoseresponse to the food's digestion. The available carbohydrate is the sumof the protected carbohydrate and the unprotected, digestedcarbohydrate. The amount of available carbohydrate contained in theconsumed food can be determined as the sum of digestible carbohydratesin the food ingredients used to form the consumed food, assuming theseare established and known. This amount of digestible carbohydrate canalso be determined by an analytical method that chemically and/orenzymatically breaks down all oligosaccharides and polysaccharides intosimpler sugars, regardless of any protective food film that may bepresent in the food, and detects the total level of sugars. The portionof the available carbohydrates that are Protected Carbohydrates can alsobe termed the Carbohydrate Digestion Resistance (CDR) of the foodproduct containing the available digestible carbohydrates. Unlessotherwise stated, any numerical representation, such as by weightpercentage or other, of the protected carbohydrate content of a foodingredient or product, or of the digested portion of the availablecarbohydrates, is determined by the in vivo Blood Glucose ResponseMethod.

The present invention provides resistance to digestion of the amount ofavailable carbohydrate contained in a reduced digestible carbohydratefood. Generally, the carbohydrate digestion resistance (CDR) is at least10%, typically at least 15%, more typically 20%, more typically 30%,even more typically 50%, and most typically at least 80%. More effectiveembodiments of the invention can provide a CDR of typically at least90%, and more typically at least 95%. The carbohydrate digestionresistance (CDR) can be up to 100%, more typically up to 98%, and evenmore typically up to 95%.

Second, the Non-Digestible Material can be used as a Viscosity BuildingComponent to increase the viscosity of gastrointestinal contents,causing the formation of a viscous chyme in vivo during the digestionprocess. Without being bound by any particular theory, it is believedthat the Viscosity Building Component causes the entrapment of smallmolecular weight sugars within the contents of the chyme, which hinderstheir diffusion and migration, thereby reducing the absorption ofdigestible carbohydrate components through the intestinal wall.

Third, the invention provides a means for reducing the glycemic responseof a food containing digestible carbohydrates by a dilution of the levelof digestible carbohydrates in the digestible carbohydrate-based foodingredient with the added non-digestible protective ingredient, as wellas other non-digestible food components, such as resistant starches,fibers, proteins, and lipids. These other non-digestible food componentscan also optionally be included as part of the non-digestible Food FilmComponent that can form the protective food film network or as part of aViscosity Building Component. This dilution reduces the mass percent orlevel of digestible carbohydrate in the food, and the food's glycemiceffects. By weight, the resulting reduced digestible carbohydrate foodwith the non-digestible protective ingredient has a reduced amount ofdigestible carbohydrate. In a typical embodiment of the invention, thedilution effect of the added non-digestible protective ingredient istypically only a small portion of the reduction in digestiblecarbohydrate and glycemic response, compared to the reduction providedby the protective aspects of the invention.

And fourth, the Non-Digestible Material can be used to cause theprotected digestible carbohydrate, that has not been digested andabsorbed in the small intestines, to pass to the colon where it can befermented to produce short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) that can influencepositive control of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in the liver.

The present invention provides a reduced digestible carbohydrate foodcomprising: an available digestible carbohydrate comprising a protectedcarbohydrate and optionally a digested carbohydrate, and anon-digestible protective material. Typically the Non-DigestibleMaterial comprises a non-digestible hydrocolloid. The present inventioncan provide a reduced digestible carbohydrate food that typically has aweight ratio of available digestible carbohydrate to ProtectedCarbohydrate of at least 10:1, more typically at least about 5:1, moretypically at least 3:1, and even more typically at least about 1:9. Thepresent invention can further provide a food that has a weight ratio ofavailable digestible carbohydrate to Protected Carbohydrate of up to1:100, and more typically up to 1:50. Alternatively, the availablecarbohydrate can comprise at least about 10% protected carbohydrate,typically at least about 30% protected carbohydrate, more typically atleast about 50% protected carbohydrate, even more typically at leastabout 70% protected carbohydrate, even more typically at least about 90%protected carbohydrate, and can have up to about 100% protectedcarbohydrate, more typically up to about 98% protected carbohydrate, andeven more typically up to about 95% protected carbohydrate. The reduceddigestible carbohydrate food typically comprises about 15 gm and less ofdigested carbohydrate, per standardized serving of the reduceddigestible carbohydrate food, more typically 810 grams or less, and evenmore typically 5 gm or less.

The Non-Digestible Material and the resulting Food Film Network can bemade into or from a variety of food forms, including, withoutlimitation, dough and baked or cooked product therefrom, dried powders,flakes, particles, strands, as well as noodles and shells; baked goodsand nutritional bars; liquids and viscous compositions, such as glazesand dips; and gels and semi-solids.

Non-Digestible Food Film Network:

A first means of blocking the action of carbohydrate-digesting enzymesto digest available digestible carbohydrates within the digestion systemis to provide a non-digestible Food Film Network within the matrix ormicrostructure of the reduced digestible carbohydrate food. Anembodiment of the present invention relates to a reduced digestiblecarbohydrate food having a Food Film Network, and to the use of theNon-Digestible Material in the processing of digestiblecarbohydrate-based ingredients to provide a protective food filmnetwork. The Food Film Network is comprised of a non-digestible foodfilm component, which can be produced and processed into a digestiblecarbohydrate-based ingredient to provide a portion of the availabledigestible carbohydrate as protected carbohydrate. The protective foodfilms of the network are typically not digestible in the gastric juicesand within the digestive environment of the small intestine, which isinhabited by carbohydrate-digesting enzymes, such as pancreatic amylase,alpha-dextrinase, maltase, sucrase, and lactase. During the processing,the matrix or microstructure of the digestible carbohydrate-basedingredient is typically modified to entrap, coat and add greatercomplexity to the contained digestible carbohydrate, as well as otherfood components such as proteins, lipids, etc. The units, or layers ofthe digestible carbohydrate-based ingredient are dispersed within theFood Film Network. The matrix or microstructure of thecarbohydrate-based ingredient can be evaluated microscopically to assessits level of complexity and show the effects of the Food Film Network onthe matrix of the digestible carbohydrate-based ingredient. Variousstaining techniques, when used to stain prepared cryo-cross-sections ofcarbohydrate-based ingredients, and used under specific microscopicconditions, can allow proteins, starch (carbohydrate) granules and theFood Film Network to be seen more easily. The technique assists theresearcher to identify the components' interactions, and their influenceon the microstructure of the digestible carbohydrate-based ingredient,as well as the influence of the Food Film Network on the digestibilityof the starch granules.

Bright Field Illumination Microscopic Determinations of Pasta Samples:

By example, cooked spaghetti can be frozen on a freezer folder of acryostat (Cryo-Cut Microtome, American Optical Corporation) to −20° C.and subsequently cut into sections of a thickness of 10 microns(spaghetti pieces are cross-sectionally cut). The sections can then bestained with appropriate stains to empathize Food Film Network andcomponents of the carbohydrate-based ingredient's matrix ormicrostructure, i.e. protein, starch granule or hydrocolloid-based foodfilm. A toluidine blue staining procedure can be used to show moredistinctly the proteins and other polymers, like the hydrocolloids usedin the invention. The stained cross-sections are then evaluated usingbright field illumination microscopy (BFIM). To evaluate the Food FilmNetwork complexity, the food film is stained by using a mixture of 1part of aqueous 1% toluidine blue, 1% sodium tetraborate with 1 partglycerol 20%. A 10 micron cross-section can be placed on a glassmicroscope slide and completely covered by the mixture. Thecross-sections are allowed to stain for 10 seconds and then the slide istilted to allow the stain to run off. The stained cross-sections arethen gently washed with glycerol 20%, and then mounted in glycerol 20%prior to examination by BFIM.

Using standard techniques and conditions for BFIM, those having beeneducated to use microscopic technique can use a Leica DM 5000 Bmicroscope or the like and produce results consistent with theobservations. The microscopic images can be captured using a Leica DC500digital camera fitted to the eye piece of the microscope, and anappropriate capture imaging software, such as Imagic ImageAccess 4software, can be used to view the images. Images shown in FIGS. 1 and 2are resultant BFIM micrographs of tolulidine blue stained cooked pasta.FIG. 1 shows a conventional pasta cooked to al dente, while FIG. 2compares a pasta made according to the present invention, having aformula of Example 2A.

FIG. 1 shows that the conventional pasta's starch granules (shown asblack arrow heads, but in the actual micrograph as light purple areas)are swollen, have unclear surface contours, and have a thin proteinnetwork (shown as white arrows, but in the actual micrograph in violet)that shows little “free” space between starch granules. Some directgranule-to-granule interaction exists. By comparison, FIG. 2 of pastaincorporating the hydrocolloids of the present invention, have starchgranules (shown as black arrow heads, but in the actual micrograph aslight purple areas) that are less swollen, and surface contours that areclearly visible with starch granules having no direct contact with oneanother. Further, there exits a thick “spacing” between the starchgranules competing for space with the starch granules resulting from athick, highly complex hydrocolloid/protein (non-digestible) network inbetween the starch granules. In FIG. 2, the protein is shown with awhite arrow and the hydrocolloid with a hashed arrow, while in theactual micrograph, the protein appears violet and the hydrocolloid filmappears dark violet.

To further elucidate the food film network, a two-stage stainingprocedure is used that incorporates two different stains to add contrastbetween the starch granules and the protein network. During thisdual-sequential staining procedure, the protein is stained first,followed by starch staining. The protein in the pasta cross-section isfirst stained using a mixture of 1 part of 2% aqueous Light greenyellowish (Fluka AG, Buchs) with 3 parts aqueous glycerol 20%. Frozencross-sections can be placed on a glass microscope slide and coveredcompletely with the mixture, and allowed to stain for 1 minute. Afterone minute the stain is allowed to run off, and the stainedcross-section is gently washed with deionized water. Following proteinstaining, the starch granules can be stained using a mixture of 1 partLugol's solution (Merck) with 2 parts aqueous glycerol 85%. Theprotein-stained cross-sections from the previous staining stage arecompletely covered with the Lugol's mixture and allowed to stain for 10seconds. The slide is then tilted to allow the stain to run off, and thestained cross-section is gently washed with 20% glycerol. Thedual-stained cross section is mounted in glycerol 20% for subsequentexamination using bright field illumination microscopy. FIGS. 3 and 4are examples of BFIM micrographs of the dual-staining procedure forstarch granules and protein. FIG. 3 shows a conventional pasta cooked toal dente, while FIG. 4 shows a pasta incorporating the presentinvention, having the formula shown of Example 2A. The conventionalcooked pasta shows a significant number of swollen starch granules(particularly in the upper half) without distinct surface contours.Significantly more starch granule matter (shown as black arrows, butappearing in the actual micrographs in violet color) can be observed inthe micrograph rather than protein network (shown as white arrows, butappearing in the actual micrograph as green color). This signifies ahigh density of swollen/gelatinized starch in the cooked pasta madewithout the hydrocolloids of the present invention, and indicating aless developed food microstructure. The micrograph of cooked pasta madeusing the present invention and shown in FIG. 4, by comparison, showssignificantly less swollen or gelatinized starch granules, and also havedistinct surface contours, signifying good intact surface structure inthe starch granules. Further, the pasta incorporating the hydrocolloidsof the present invention has significantly thicker layers between thegranules, stained as green for protein network. The pasta'smicrostructure is shown to have about as much protein network as starchgranules, indicating a significantly lower density (less swelling) ofstarch granules as compared to the conventional pasta in FIG. 3. Thepasta of FIG. 4 using the hydrocolloids of the present invention alsohas a significantly lower number of swollen or gelatinized granules. Theuse of the present invention in food products develops a more highlystructured food matrix or food microstructure.

Scanning Electron Microscopic (SEM) Determinations of Pasta Samples.

To further illustrate the food matrix definition and complexity usingthe hydrocolloids of the present invention, cooked pasta cross-sectionsfrom conventional pasta (made without the hydrocolloids of the presentinvention) and pasta made with hydrocolloids of the present invention(having the formula of Example 2A), were evaluated using scanningelectron microscopy (SEM). To evaluate the sections using SEM, the pastasamples are cooked and frozen in liquid nitrogen. Before analyzing thesamples in the SEM (Zeiss DSM 962) they are freeze-dried in a Heto CT60e freeze dryer. The freeze-dried pasta samples can then be broken downto expose internal surfaces, as defined in ordinary art for SEMtechnique. The samples can then be mounted on stubs using glue. Themounted samples can then be sputter-coated with gold in a BAL-TEC SCD005 Sputter coater using established techniques well known to thoseskilled in the art of SEM analysis. The gold sputter-coated samples canthen be analyzed at an acceleration voltage of 5 kV. Images can becaptured using Zeiss SEM software system, or the like, that isintegrated into the SEM. FIGS. 5 and 6 show SEM results of the twocooked pasta samples. FIG. 5 shows a conventional pasta with starchgranules as clear/distinct disks (shown as black arrows). The granulesizes vary from quite small (<10 microns diameter) to larger, moreobservable disks of about 40 microns. Starch granules are clearlyvisible inside and on the surface of the protein network (shown as whitearrows). The pasta microstructure is less dense and complex than thatshown in FIG. 6, which shows pasta made according to the presentinvention (having the formula of Example 2A). FIG. 6 shows a morediverse and complex microstructure that does not have clearly visiblestarch granules. Conversely, most of the starch granules are completelycoated and are integrated or entrapped within the protein/hydrocolloidmatrix (the visible structure of the SEM is essentially allprotein/.hydrocolloid matrix).

It is believed that starch granules (digestible carbohydrate) that havebeen entrapped and coated by non-digestible material components of theFood Film Network are less accessible to attack by digestive enzymes ofthe small intestine. The Food Film Network provides a protective,edible, digestion-resistant material that surrounds and coats, andsegregates, the digestible carbohydrate-based ingredient into themultitude of discrete, protected units and/or layers of digestiblecarbohydrate material. The Food Film Network further becomes impregnatedinto fissures or cracks of the carbohydrate-based food particles, andcan orient between food units and layers to serve as a filler or binder.The resulting Food Film Network resists disintegration and digestion ingastric media, and forms a protective barrier againstcarbohydrate-digesting enzymes by encapsulating, coating and segregatingthe digestible carbohydrate from digestive enzymes. It is believed thatthe plasticity of the Food Film Component of the network can alsoencapsulate, coat and segregate the digestive enzymes in the chyme fromthe digestible carbohydrate. The available digestible carbohydrate thatis protected by the Food Film Network from digestion (by pancreaticamylase enzymes) and absorption (as absorbable sugars in thegastrointestinal system) becomes a protected carbohydrate. Theprotection of the available digestible carbohydrate is believed toresult in attenuation of the caloric, postprandial glycemic, andhyperlipidemic responses to ingestion of the food.

The non-digestible Food Film Component is selected to provide optimumfilm performance and properties. A preferred Food Film Network isproduced from thin, strong, acid-stable, viscoelastic films that areextensible, continuous and capable of coating the particulate digestiblecarbohydrate material, and that are impervious to digestive enzymesuntil entering the colon. The Food Film Network can be prepared andincorporated into the digestible carbohydrate-based ingredient, and intofoods that contain the digestible carbohydrate-based ingredient. Theresulting reduced digestible carbohydrate food can be further processedinto other food forms, or can be simply added into other form matrices,including confectionaries, baked goods, beverages, cereals, etc.

The protective Food Film Component comprises a structural polymer, thestructural polymer comprising 1) a viscous, non-digestible, fermentablematerial, selected from the group consisting of i) gums and foodthickeners, ii) an inulin, and iii) mixtures thereof, 2) a proteinpolymer, and 3) mixtures thereof. The reduced digestible carbohydratefood made in accordance with the present invention typically comprises,by weight, at least about 50%, more typically at least 75%, and evenmore typically at least about 85%, and up to about 98%, more typicallyup to about 90%, of a carbohydrate-based food ingredient, and typicallyat least about 2%, and more typically at least about 5%, and up to about40%, more typically up to about 15%, and even more typically up to about10%, of the non-digestible protective material.

Structural/Viscous Fermentable Material

The viscous fermentable material, referred to hereinafter as aStructural/Viscous Fermentable Material (SVFM), typically has a rigidcarbohydrate backbone, and typically comprises a variety of functionalcomponents, including many hydroxyl groups, a polyelectrolyte thatpossesses ionizable side chains that are either cationic or anionic innature, and/or a non-ionic polymer. The hydrocolloids that are useful asStructural/Viscous Fermentable Material can be derived from marineplants, such as red seaweed and brown seaweed; land plants such as treeexudates, plants, seeds, tubers, and trees; microbial polysaccharides;and polysaccharide derivatives. The Structural/Viscous FermentableMaterial can be characterized as a framework material of the Food FilmNetwork. The hydrocolloids that are useful as a Structural/ViscousFermentable Material can be selected from the group consisting ofcarrageenan, furcellaran, alginates, gum arabic, gum ghatti, gumtragacanth, karaya gum, guar gum, locust bean gum, tara gum, tamarindgum, inulin, agar, konjac mannan, arabinoxylans, β-glucans andxyloglucans, pectin, cellulose, curdlan, dextran, gellan gum, rhamsangum, scleroglucan, welan gum, diutan gum, xanthan gum, gelatin,carboxymethylcellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, propylene glycol alginate,hydroxypropyl guar, and modified starches.

Preferred hydrocolloids useful as a Structural/Viscous FermentableMaterial can provide high levels of viscosity (greater than 300 cpaccording to the Viscosity Method, described hereinafter, modified for a1% solution), are stable in gastric fluid, and provide optimum filmproperties, as described later. A preferred hydrocolloid useful as aStructural/Viscous Fermentable Material is selected from the groupconsisting of xanthan gum, the galactomannans (guar gum and locust beangum), pectin, alginates, carrageenan, tragacanth gum, karaya gum, andinulin having a degree of polymerization (DP) from 2-60 fructose units(FU) and an average DP of 8-12 FU, and more preferably a DP from 15-60FU and an average DP of about 15-30 FU. Xanthan gum provides excellentviscosity, and is synergistic with the galactomannans (guar gum andlocust bean gum) to produce higher viscosities. Both xanthan gum andguar gum possess good film extensibility and coating properties. Pectinand the alginates have the ability to cross link to produce strongerfilms or coatings, particularly in combination with Ionic PropertyModifiers, discussed below. The selection for use in a specific foodsystem may vary based on the composition of the food in which they areto be used. The Structural/Viscous Fermentable Material can be usedeither individually or in mixtures with other Structural/ViscousFermentable Materials, or with a structural protein polymer, describedbelow.

Structural Protein Polymer

The structural protein polymer can be characterized as a frameworkmaterial of the non-digestible Food Film Network. The protein polymercan be used alone as the Food Film Component, although typically it isused in combination with the Structural/Viscous Fermentable Material toprovide synergistic film-forming benefits. The synergism provides theability to modify and optimize film performance and characteristics,such as adjustments of the rheological properties or improvements in thestrength of the protective food film. The protein polymer is typicallypartially or completely digestible, and can be selected from the groupconsisting of gluten, modified gluten, casein, soy, whey proteinconcentrate, chitin, chitosan, amylose, and mixtures thereof. Gluten canbe provided as corn gluten or vital wheat gluten.

The non-digestible protective material comprised in the reduceddigestible carbohydrate food can comprise, by weight, typically at leastabout 5%, more typically at least about 10%, more typically at leastabout 20%, and even more typically at least about 30%, and up to about50%, more typically up to about 40%, and even more typically up to about15%, of the structural and viscous food film component selected from atleast one, and typically both, of the structural/viscous fermentablematerial and the structural protein polymer.

The Food Film Component also typically comprises a RheologyModifier/Plasticizer, an Ionic Property Modifier, or, more typically, amixture thereof.

Rheology Modifier/Plasticizer

The Food Film Component, and the Food Film Network formed therefrom, canso optionally, though preferably, comprise a Rheology Modifier material.The Rheology Modifier, also referred to herein as a plasticizer or filmplasticizer, can improve the flow properties of the structural polymersof the Food Film Component by providing plasticity and flexure,extensibility, and humectancy, to produce a thin, strong, resilient filmnetwork that can be extensively distributed throughout the matrix of thereduced digestible carbohydrate food. One or a mixture of theplasticizers can be used with a structural polymer, or a mixturethereof. Typical plasticizers can include low molecular weightsaccharides such as glycerin, fructose, fructooligosaccharides (alsoknown as oligofructose) having a range of polymerization from about 2-5,with an average of about 4, or having a range of polymerization fromabout 2-8, with an average of about 4.7, polyols such as maltitol,maltitol syrups, isomalt, lactitol, erythritol, sorbitol, polydextrose,and xylitol, certain dietary fibers such as inulin, and typically inulinhaving a degree of polymerization (DP) from about 2-20, and an averageDP of about 4-7, other oligosaccharides, gum arabic, and partiallyhydrolyzed guar gum (available commercially as Benefiber® fromNovartis). The plasticizer can be added to single hydrocolloid or mixedhydrocolloid film systems. Changes in film rheology affect the flow anddeformation characteristics of the film, thus modifying the protectivefood film's viscoelastic properties in order to enhance theextensibility (networking) and flow of the film in hard to access areasof the carbohydrate-based food structure, and to improve its barrier anddigestion-resistance performance.

The non-digestible protective material comprised in the reduceddigestible carbohydrate food can comprise, by weight of thenon-digestible protective material, typically at least about 25%, moretypically at least about 35%, and up to about 90%, and more typically upto about 70%, of the rheology modifier material.

Ionic Property Modifiers:

The Food Film Component, and the Food Film Network formed therefrom, canso optionally, though typically, comprise an Ionic Property Modifier.The Ionic Property Modifier is used to change the physical properties ofcertain of the Structural/Viscous Fermentable Materials, and of theresulting food film network, by modifying surface charges on and/orcrosslinking the polymeric hydrocolloids in the system. The IPM isparticularly useful with charged polymeric hydrocolloids such as apectin or an alginate. The Ionic Property Modifier can be selected froma divalent cation, such as Ca++ and Mg++, a monovalent cation, such asNa+, K+, Li+, or a mixture thereof. Inorganic salts are typical sourcesof the cations. Counterions can change the level of and distribution ofionic charge on a polymer, which can affect its water binding propertyand viscosity. The ionic property modifiers can be added constituents toa digestible carbohydrate-based ingredient, or can be provided by thedigestible carbohydrate-based ingredient itself. Added electrolytes caninteract with charges on the polyelectrolyte backbone or interfere withmobile counter ions that may be present. These interactions can changethe character of the protective food film network, i.e. crosslinking ofthe backbone structures to create stronger films.

The non-digestible protective material comprised in the reduceddigestible carbohydrate food can comprise, by weight of thenon-digestible protective material, typically at least about 0.5%, moretypically at least about 1%, more typically at least about 3%, andtypically up to about 20%, more typically up to about 10%, and even moretypically up to about 5%, by weight, of the ionic property modifiercation.

Levels and Combinations of Non-Digestible Food Film Components:

The usage level of food film components can vary based on the foodapplication. The reduced digestible carbohydrate food typicallycomprises up to 50% by weight of the Non-Digestible Material, typicallyselected from a Structural/Viscous Fermentable Material, a StructuralProtein Polymer, a Rheology Modifier, and a mixture thereof, and anoptional Ionic Property Modifier. More typically, the reduced digestiblecarbohydrate food comprises up to 20% of the Structural/ViscousFermentable Material, the Structural Protein Polymer, or a mixturethereof, up to 30% of the Rheology Modifier, and optionally up to 5%Ionic Property Modifier; and even more typically up to 5% of theStructural/Viscous Fermentable Material, the Structural Protein Polymer,or a mixture thereof, up to 15% of the Rheology Modifier, and optionallyup to 5% Ionic Property Modifier. The typical levels and more typicallevels of the non-digestible food film materials in the resultingreduced digestible carbohydrate food are shown in Table B. TABLE BTypical level, More typical level, % % by weight by weight of reducedNon-Digestible of reduced digestible digestible carbohydrate Materialtype carbohydrate food food Structural/Viscous about 0.2 to about 20about 0.5 to about 5 Fermentable Material Structural Protein about 0.2to about 30 about 5 to about 15 Polymer Rheology about 0.2 to about 20about 3 to about 10 Modifier/Plasticizer Ionic Property Modifier about0.01 to about 2 about 0.05 to about 0.3Generally, the level of use of the non-digestible food film materials(weight of non-digestible food film materials as a percent of the totalweight of resulting food) is a variable that can affect the primaryresult of the invention: the blood glucose level, which relates to theextent to which digestible carbohydrates in the food will pass throughthe small intestine without being digested or absorbed. Generally, adesired glucose response will usually dictate the level ofnon-digestible food film materials.

The hydrocolloid components of the present invention can be formulatedinto varying ratios and combinations to meet the functional, processing,organoleptic, and digestion-reducing requirements of a particular foodsystem. Typical examples of hydrocolloid components useful for formingnon-digestible Food Film Networks and for providing viscous intestinalchyme include, but are not limited to, those shown in Tables C and D.TABLE C Formula No. I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X Structural andViscous Food Film Components Structural/Viscous Fermentable MaterialXanthan gum 11.5 11.6 13.2 21.0 5.9 Guar gum 11.6 4.4 14.7 4.0 11.1Locust bean gum HM pectin 3.5 3.5 3.9 3.1 4.7 LM pectin k-carrageenan5.8 6.6 8.2 Alginate Gellan gum High amylose starch 40.2 MethylcelluloseStructural Protein Polymers Wheat fiber Vital wheat gluten 10.5 9.4 19.746.1 50.8 50.0 50.0 Modified wheat gluten 7.0 6.2 Long chain inulin %Structural/Viscosity 32.5 32.5 23.7 39.7 18.8 64.3 60.8 54.8 50.0 61.1Rheology Modifier/Plasticizer Short chain inulin 35.5 Fructose cornsyrup (42 DE) Polydextrose Polydispersed inulin 35.0 35.0 39.5 31.2 35.739.2 45.2 50.0 38.9 Sorbitol 29.0 29.0 32.9 26.0 41.0 Glycerin %Plasticizer 64.0 64.0 72.4 57.2 76.5 35.7 39.2 45.2 50.0 38.9 IonicProperty Modifier Potassium chloride 3.5 3.5 3.9 3.1 4.7 Calciumchloride Sodium citrate % Ionic Property modifier 23.5 3.5 3.9 3.1 4.70.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Total Total Non-Digestible 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Materi

Formula No. XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX Structural andViscous Food Film Components Structural/Viscous Fermentable MaterialXanthan gum 24.0 11.8 10.5 10.5 Guar gum 16.7 22.2 24.0 11.8 Locust beangum 8.0 HM pectin LM pectin 3.2 k-carrageenan Alginate 8.4 10.9 Gellangum 5.3 High amylose starch Methylcellulose Structural Protein PolymersWheat fiber Vital wheat gluten 33.3 10.4 10.4 10.8 9.8 10.6 10.6 10.59.4 Modified wheat gluten 5.6 5.6 5.8 6.5 7.0 7.0 6.0 6.3 Long chaininulin % Structural/Viscosity 50.0 22.2 40.0 40.0 25.0 27.2 29.4 29.435.0 34.7 Rheology Modifier/Plasticizer Short chain inulin Fructose cornsyrup (42 DE) Polydextrose Polydispersed inulin 50.0 77.8 60.0 60.0 62.232.6 47.1 47.1 45.2 31.6 Sorbitol 27.2 23.5 23.5 19.8 26.3 Glycerin %Plasticizer 50.0 77.8 60.0 60.0 62.2 59.8 70.6 70.6 65.0 57.9 IonicProperty Modifier Potassium chloride 2.1 Calcium chloride 6.2 5.4 5.3Sodium citrate 6.6 7.6 % Ionic Property modifier 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 12.813.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 7.4 Total Total Non-Digestible 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Materi

TABLE D Formula No. XXI XXII XXIII XXIV XXV XXVI XXVII XXVIII XXIX XXXStructural and Viscous Food Film Components Structural/ViscousFermentable Material Xanthan gum 24.0 10.4 5.0 Guar gum 13.5 11.1 12.17.7 2.3 4.3 Locust bean gum 5.2 HM pectin 3.1 6.8 LM pectin 2.4k-carrageenan 4.8 9.7 8.1 6.5 Alginate 4.0 Gellan gum 6.4 High amylosestarch 25.5 19.9 3.0 Methylcellulose 11.6 8.1 Structural ProteinPolymers Wheat fiber 10.4 5.6 7.7 11.6 16.1 Vital wheat gluten 10.4 11.99.4 3.1 7.8 9.6 7.2 Modified wheat gluten 5.6 7.5 6.2 2.7 6.5 7.1 4.8Long chain inulin % Structural/Viscosity 48.8 29.4 39.5 23.3 16.7 29.043.3 33.2 53.5 50.0 Rheology Modifier/Plasticizer Short chain inulin44.4 37.9 35.5 36.0 Fructose corn syrup (42 DE) PolydextrosePolydispersed inulin 27.0 37.2 31.4 36.5 18.4 34.6 32.2 Sorbitol 14.428.0 26.0 24.3 38.9 26.7 30.8 5.8 8.0 Glycerin % Plasticizer 41.4 65.257.4 60.8 83.3 64.6 53.9 66.8 40.4 40.2 Ionic Property ModifierPotassium chloride 4.8 3.1 2.7 2.8 2.8 4.7 Calcium chloride 5.0 6.7 6.43.3 5.1 Sodium citrate 5.4 6.5 % Ionic Property modifier 9.8 5.4 3.115.9 0.0 6.4 2.8 0.0 6.1 9.8 Total Total Non-Digestible 100.0 100.0100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Materi

Formula No. XXXI XXXII XXXIII XXXIV XXXV XXXVI XXXVII XXXVIII XXXIX XXXXStructural and Viscous Food Film Components Structural/ViscousFermentable Material Xanthan gum 8.9 Guar gum 5.5 16.0 5.0 3.7 Locustbean gum 4.7 5.0 3.8 5.4 HM pectin 11.9 1.5 4.7 LM pectin k-carrageenan10.5 5.9 15.5 7.1 5.0 7.7 9.1 6.4 7.5 8.2 Alginate Gellan gum 1.4 2.01.4 4.5 2.1 High amylose starch Methylcellulose 1.2 10.2 6.5 StructuralProtein Polymers Wheat fiber 15.2 Vital wheat gluten 9.4 10.2 Modifiedwheat gluten 9.1 8.5 Long chain inulin 5.0 7.2 9.1 %Structural/Viscosity 59.3 47.5 43.0 13.2 12.0 12.9 29.6 13.9 14.0 16.6Rheology Modifier/Plasticizer Short chain inulin 27.0 31.4 64.5 39.839.1 Fructose corn syrup 37.6 44.7 39.6 (42 DE) Polydextrose 67.0 28.6Polydispersed inulin 35.8 10.4 Sorbitol 8.8 10.2 23.8 20.0 28.5 20.6Glycerin 5.5 21.5 28.6 68.3 % Plasticizer 35.8 46.0 47.3 82.9 87.0 85.768.3 85.1 84.5 78.7 Ionic Property Modifier Potassium chloride 1.4 0.50.5 1.5 4.7 Calcium chloride 4.9 6.5 9.7 Sodium citrate 2.5 0.5 1.4 2.10.5 % Ionic Property modifier 4.9 6.5 9.7 3.9 1.0 1.4 2.1 1.0 1.5 4.7Total Total Non-Digestible 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0100.0 100.0 100.0 Materi

Film component combinations are developed for a specific application toachieve desired film properties and performance. A film that works inone food may not work as well in another food. Variables such as therequired degree of cross-linking, chemical interactions, degree ofhydrogen bonding, water binding, the presence and strength of ionicspecies and effects of the food matrix on film rheology will influencethe selection and levels of specific film components.Protective Food Film Network Properties:

Important properties of a protective food film network and its componentmaterials include: 1) non-digestibility when exposed to thegastrointestinal enzymes of the stomach and small intestine, 2) acidstability, 3) thin, continuous films, 4) thickening or viscosityincrease of the chyme, 5) coatability and cohesiveness to the digestiblecarbohydrate component, 6) resilient and extensible films, 7) optimumflowability under desired processing conditions, and 8) degradable byfermentation in the colon.

1) Non-Digestibility:

The hydrocolloids that are useful as non-digestible food film materialsherein can be classified as non-digestible polysaccharides andnon-digestible oligosaccharides, and are considered to be dietary fibersby their physiological or physical-chemical properties. Dietary fibersare non-digestible by present definition in that they are resistant todigestion and absorption in the human small intestine. Thenon-digestibility of the food film network ensures that an effectivelycoated or segregated cell or particle of protected carbohydrate willpass through the stomach and small intestine, without being digesteditself to any significant extent by these or other enzymes in thegastrointestinal tract. Any digestion of the food film network couldexpose the cells or particles of digestible carbohydrate to digestion bythe enzymes into sugars that could then be absorbed in the smallintestine. The non-digestibility of the food film network causes thedigestible carbohydrate-based ingredient to become fiber-like; that is,the protected carbohydrate takes on the properties of a resistant starchof type RS1 that is by present definition a dietary fiber.

2) Acid Stability:

Acid stability of the food film network also helps to maintain itsintegrity in the acidic environment of the stomach, thereby reducing thepossibility for degradation of the protective film systems that wouldresult in exposing digestible carbohydrate to digestion and thenabsorption in the small intestine. Loss of film integrity would inaddition mean a reduction in potential healthful effects resulting froma reduction in the delivery of protected digestible carbohydrate to thecolon. The hydrocolloids of the present invention are selected as havingacceptable acid stability. However, since it is possible that acidstability of a hydrocolloid can change when combinations ofhydrocolloids are used, it is recommended to test the acid stability ofthe food film network using a gastric juice or its synthetic equivalent.Acid stability relates to the film network's ability to maintain themicrostructure of the protected carbohydrate-base food, whereby theprotected carbohydrate-base food maintains its low level of measureddigested carbohydrate. By example, a cooked pasta made according to thepresent invention can be placed in a glass reaction vessel andcompletely covered by 0.10 M HCl (typical of stomach acid concentration)and allowed to stir on a stir pad for 1 hour at 36° C. Following theholding time, the pasta is removed and washed thoroughly with deionizedwater with the aid of a plastic pasta strainer, so that the resultantwash water off the pasta has a pH equal to the wash being used. Pastacan then be analyzed in vivo using the Blood Glucose Response method(later described).

3) Thin, Continuous Films:

Thin, continuous hydrocolloid films that are produced within the foodfilm network promote the distribution of the film system throughout theresulting reduced digestible carbohydrate food at relatively lower usagelevels by weight, resulting in a more effective and efficient bloodsugar control system. Effectively thin and continuous film networksminimize the dilution amount of the hydrocolloid, and maximizes thecarbohydrate digestion resistance of the film network.

4) Thickening or Viscosity Increase of the Chyme:

Some embodiments of the food film network and its componenthydrocolloids can provide a retarding of the diffusion and transfer ofabsorbable sugar products of carbohydrate digestion through the chymeand to the wall of the small intestine where the sugars can be absorbedinto the blood stream. The hydrocolloid-induced viscosity of theresulting chyme can play an important role in reducing or slowingpostprandial blood glucose levels.

The viscosity of a liquid is a measurable property that describes itsinternal resistance to flow and is a measure of a fluids flowability ata specific temperature Hydrocolloids can induce increased viscosity whenhydrated. Optimum hydration is achieved when the hydrocolloid is highlydispersed or solubilized in an aqueous system. Consequently,hydrocolloid material having small particle size in the range of 50 to100 microns can be important to achieving good hydration of thehydrocolloid. Hydration of the hydrocolloid material can be facilitatedwhen using high-shear mixing techniques in the preparation of in situfilm networks.

Hydrocolloids can dramatically affect the flow behavior of many timestheir own weight of water. Hydrocolloids that are polyelectrolytes caneffect higher viscosities than non-ionic polymers of similar molecularmass. This can be attributed to charge repulsion as well as molecularsize and structural characteristics that are enhanced by hydration.Viscosity generally changes with hydrocolloid concentration, temperatureand shear strain. Hydrocolloid mixtures can act synergistically toincrease viscosity or antagonistically to reduce viscosity. Inulin is aneffective antagonist. The addition of electrolyte or a pH adjustment canreduce the dissociation of charged groups on certain hydrocolloid,normally leading to the collapse of polymer coils resulting in acorresponding decrease in viscosity.

5) Coatability and Cohesiveness to the Digestible CarbohydrateComponent:

The present invention provides a food film having effective film coatingand adhesive properties, to provide coverage with the film whileproviding required film adherence. A strong binding of the surface ofthe film to that of the carbohydrate-based food ingredient particles ispreferred for creating a barrier that protects the food against contactwith the acid and enzymes of the gastrointestinal tract. Components ofeach food film are individually distinct, though combinations of thesecan provide unique performance. The coating ability of a specific filmsystem can often best be determined by determining the carbohydratedigestion resistance of the resulting reduced digestible carbohydratefood.

6) Resilient and Extensible Films:

The food film networks are formed from viscoelastic food film componentsthat are both resilient and extensible. Viscoelastic refers to havingboth viscous and elastic film properties. The combined properties ofviscosity and elasticity (defined as elongation to break in the foodfilm properties section) as well as strength (defined as breakingstrength in the food film properties section) and resilience, areimportant properties for films of the invention. The films need to besufficiently elastic and extensible to avoid fracture and breakage. Theopposite of elastic is brittle. Brittle films (defined as having lowelongation to break values) will break or fracture, and can loose theirability to protect the available digestible carbohydrates fromdigestion. Elastic films will resist breaking and have the ability toprovide film integrity. Elastic films often have better flowcharacteristics thus having the ability to provide good coverage of thefood including reaching small areas like cracks and fissures. Resilientfilms will also resist breakage by tearing of the film. Analyticalmethods can evaluate relative strengths, flowability, viscosity andelasticity of resultant films, as defined in the food film propertysection.

7) Optimum Flowability under Desired Processing Conditions:

Food films having good flow properties, measured as lower viscosity of ahydrated fluid film, can provide better coverage throughout the entireparticulate composition of the carbohydrate-based ingredient that isbeing processed. In addition to the components of the food film,processing temperatures, pH and food constituents can affect theflowability of the film when it is being coated onto and among thecarbohydrate-based ingredient particles. For this reason, thetemperature during the coating process is important to get optimumcoating, and the changes in flowability can be profiled analytically, asdefined by methods defined in the food film property sections.

8) Degradation in the Colon:

Finally, the protective food film material that passes through the smallintestines should be releasable for use in the colon, through, forexample, degradation by fermentation, change in pH, bacterial digestion,or a combination of these.

Food Film Properties:

The viscoelastic properties of the non-digestible food film compositionscan be measured and evaluated to show how various components of the filminfluence the brittleness or elasticity, and viscous effects of the foodfilm compositions. Further, its ability to flow or its viscosityprofile, should also be measured accurately. Synergies of variousstructural hydrocolloids and plasticizers are important for thedevelopment of film compositions that have excellent viscosity controlfor even flow, and have improved elasticity or flexibility properties tominimize brittleness and fracture of the food film.

It is known that a hydrated film can be made by hydrating individual orblends of non-digestible materials with excess water, heat, and shear,resulting in a fluid system. The water content of the hydrate food filmsystem typically is from 75% to 85% by weight. Once produced, theflowability of the hydrated food film system can be determined bymeasuring its resistance to flow (viscosity) under selectedtemperatures, in accordance with the Viscosity Measurement methoddescribed in the Methods section.

The hydrated films can then be dried to determine the dried film'sphysical qualities using a standard texture analyzer. These analyzersand techniques for their use are well known to persons skill in the artof textural analysis. The physical qualities can include the resultingdried film's parameters including firmness, relaxation, swelling,adhesiveness/stickiness, tack, tackiness, resilience, springiness,cohesiveness, and extensibility.

A hydrated food film composition is made according to the method“Preparation of a Hydrated Food Film Composition”, disclosed in theMethods Section. The hydrated food film composition is made into adried, stabilized food film sample in accordance with the method“Preparation and Testing of Dried, Stabilized Food Film Samples”, alsodisclosed in the Methods Section. The dried, stabilized food filmsamples can then be tested to determine the food films physicalproperties in accordance with the physical property evaluations asfollows.

An indication of the film quality is obtained by evaluating the modulusof a sample of the material. The modulus can be defined as theresistance of the food film to deformation, i.e. to mean the amount ofstress applied to create a designated amount of strain (elongation). Thedefining elements of these stresses are the storage modulus (or E′) andthe loss modulus (or E″).

The storage modulus is the stress that is in phase with the strain in asinusoidal deformation, divided by the strain, while the E″ or lossmodulus defines the stress that is 90° out of phase with the strain,divided by the strain. The E′ is a measure of the amount of storedenergy and recovered per deformation cycle. It involves thereversibility of the deformation or defines the elastic character of thefilm. The value E′ is also referred to herein as the breaking strengthof the film, expressed in dynes/cm². It is calculated by software in thefood texture analyzer. It is a measure of the resistance to force by thefilm that has been exerted by the piston of the analyzer over a fixeddistance. The E″ is a measure of the film's energy dissipated or lost asheat per deformation cycle. It is a measure of the film'sirreversibility or defines a film's viscous characteristic that iscontributed by the film's high water-binding food film components. Aprinciple measurement of a film's mechanical quality is its elongationto break, expressed as a percentage of deformation from rest to filmbreakage. Another measure of film mechanical quality is its breaking ortensile strength, i.e. the amount of stress expressed in dynes/cm² thatis applied to deform a film to its breaking or failure point.

Food film systems made without plasticizers and composed of highmolecular weight polymers, such as pectins, have relatively high modulusvalues. However, they have low elongation to break, and are quitebrittle, having low breaking strength values. Thus a single entity foodfilm of this type can easily fracture and fail. However, films made withincreasing levels of plasticizers typically have higher elongation tobreak, decreasing E′ and E″ values, and exhibit less overall brittlenessand tenacity, with higher overall breaking strength values.

Increasing levels of viscosity-generating polymers, like starch andpectin (particularly those having lower degrees of methylation, and thusalso lower molecular weight), typically result in gradual decrease inboth storage modulus, or breaking strength (E′) and loss modulus (E″).Plasticizers, such as inulin, glycerin, and sorbitol, can be used tofacilitate polymer hydration and thus have influence on the filmmodulus.

By example, a food film consisting of only high methoxyl (HM) pectin(>65% methyl esterification) or those produced with small amounts ofother hydrocolloid polymers, like starch, exhibit high modulus values inthe range of 3E+10 to 5E+10 dynes/cm². These films have elongation tobreak between 5 and 30%, typifying relatively brittle films. By example,films made of 95% HM pectin and 5% corn starch (70% amylose and 30%amylopectin) had E′ values ranging from 3E+10 to 2.5E+10 dynes/cm² at20° C. to 200° C., respectively. Loss modulus (E″) values under similarconditions for the HM pectin film range from 4E+09 to 3E+09 dynes/cm² at20° C. to 200° C., respectively. Glycerin added as a plasticizer to a95% HM pectin/5% starch film at 9% of film, results in E′ values of2.5E+10 at 20° C. and about 1E+09 at 200° C.; significantly lower thanfilms without plasticizer.

In a further example of plasticizer influence, 20% glycerin added to a95/5 (65% HM) pectin/70% amylose starch film resulted in E′ values of2E+10 at 20° C. and 3E+08 at 200° C. Brittleness of films was apparentwithout plasticizer use. Increasing plasticizer levels decreases both E′and E″ over the temperature range, as compared to unplasticizedpectin-based films. At room temperature, E′ and E″ values wereapproximately 50%. At higher temperature levels, fluidity as measured byE′ and E″ decreased more than an order of magnitude.

Dried hydrated food film mixtures for the purpose of the inventiontypically form dried, stabilized samples having high breaking strengthsand elongation to break, to demonstrate good flexibility and structuralstrength. Dried, stabilized samples of a food film material of thepresent invention typically has a breaking strength of at least about 5dynes/cm² and an elongation to break of at least about 10%; moretypically has a breaking strength of at least about 150 dynes/cm², moretypically at least about 10,000 dynes/cm², and even more typically atleast about 1E+7 dynes/cm², and an elongation to break of at least about100%, more typically at least about 200%; a breaking strength of up toabout 5E+11 dynes/cm² and elongation to break of up to about 500%; andtypically has a breaking strength in the range of about 1E+6 to about1E+09 dynes/cm², more typically in the range of about 1E+8 to about4E+08 dynes/cm², and an elongation to break in the range between about200-400%, more typically in the range between about 250-300%.

Viscosity of the hydrated food film system is also important to thefunctional properties of the invention. The hydrated food filmcompositions typically have viscosity profiles, at a 10% concentrationby weight in water, of about 500 cP at 20° C., more typically 1000 cP at20° C., still more typically 5000 cP at 20° C., and can be as high as100,000 centipose (cP) at 20° C., but more typically between about 2500and 10,000 cP. The viscosity of the hydrated food film compositions isdetermined in accordance with the Viscosity Measurement method describedlater. The hydrated food film compositions can be made according to themethod “Preparation of a Hydrated Food Film Composition”, where thewater concentration is 90% by weight and the hydrocolloid material is10% by weight.

By example, food film compositions containing a single hydrocolloidentity, such as only inulin or only pectin, have either low viscosityprofiles in the case of inulin (where the inulin is serving as aplasticizer) or high viscosity profiles in the case of pectin. Neithercomposition results in high elongation to break, defined as breakingstrength or tensile strength. As a further example, a compositioncontaining 88% water and 12% inulin has a low viscosity of approximately3 cP at 20° C. and a relatively low breaking strength value ofapproximately 4.8E+03 dynes/cm². As a further example, a compositioncontaining 85% water and 15% high methoxyl pectin has a significantlyhigher viscosity of approximately 3,000 cP at 20° C., but a very lowbreaking strength of approximately 5 dynes/cm². By combining varioushigh water binding hydrocolloids (the structural/viscous fermentablematerial) with one or more plasticizers (the rheology modifier), bothviscosity control and flexibility of the food film can be achieved.

By example, a hydrated food film composition consisting by weight of1.2% xanthan gum, 1.0% kappa carrageenan, 0.6% HM-pectin, 12%polydispersed inulin, 4% sorbitol, 0.2% potassium chloride, and 81%water, has a viscosity of approximately 3000 cP at 20° C., and abreaking strength value of approximately 5.25E+05 dynes/cm².

In a further example, a hydrated food film composition of the presentinvention consisting by weight of 0.4% gellan gum, 1.2% kappacarrageenan, 1.0% guar gum, 12% short chain inulin, 3.8% sorbitol, 0.1%sodium citrate, 0.1% potassium chloride, and 81.4% water, has aviscosity of approximately 6500 cP and breaking strength ofapproximately 7.2E+05 dynes/cm².

Viscosity-Building Component:

The second means of blocking the action of carbohydrate-digestingenzymes to digest available digestible carbohydrates in the digestionsystem, and to reduce the absorption of simple sugars in the smallintestine, is to provide a viscosity-building component within thereduced digestible carbohydrate food. Another embodiment of the presentinvention can include a reduced digestible carbohydrate food containinga viscosity-building component. The viscosity-building componenttypically comprises a highly-viscosifying hydrocolloid, referred to as aViscosifying Film Builder. The Viscosifying Film Builder contained inthe reduced digestible carbohydrate food can be released directly intothe chyme during the digestive process from the consumed food, or canreact from the surface of the reduced digestible carbohydrate food toincrease the viscosity of the chyme. The Viscosifying Film Buildercontributes a slippery, slimy, or greasy consistency to the chyme. (Acontributor to the increase in viscosity can also come from thestructure of a protective food film network, discussed above, whichcontributes to a “plug flow” type movement of the chyme along theintestine, as opposed to an intermixing-type movement.) The presentinvention also relates to a use of compositions comprising anon-digestible hydrocolloid that provides a viscosity-building componentto a food, which builds viscosity in the chyme to reduce the digestionof available digestible carbohydrates and the absorption of thedigestive product (simple sugars) of digestible carbohydrates into theblood stream.

The increase in viscosity is maintained as the chyme traverses the smallintestine. The increase in viscosity and the slimy consistency can havetwo effects on the digestion of digestible carbohydrate material in thechyme, which are primarily responsible for reducing or slowing theformation of postprandial blood glucose levels of a digestedcarbohydrate material in a resulting reduced digestible carbohydratefood.

First, the increased viscosity and slimy consistency is believed to beresponsible for decreased gastrointestinal (GI) transit time. Theperistalsis action in the small intestine provides energy in the form ofmuscular contractive forces that both mix the chyme and move the chymealong the intestinal tract. Without being bound by any particulartheory, it is believed that the increased viscosity provides resistanceto intermixing of the chyme, which directs more of the peristalsisenergy toward moving the chyme along the intestinal tract. The slippery,slimy consistency of the chyme also reduces the drag and adherence ofthe chyme to the intestinal wall. These actions decrease the transittime of the chyme in the small intestines.

Second, the increased viscosity can retard transportation of absorbablesugars (extrinsic and intrinsic sugars, and sugars resulting from thedigestion of digestible carbohydrates) through the chyme to the wall ofthe small intestine where they would be absorbed into the blood stream.Increased viscosity reduces the peristaltic mixing that would stir thechyme within the intestine to transport the absorbable sugars to theintestinal wall, and also reduces the diffusion of sugar moleculeswithin the chyme, where they can be absorbed into the blood stream.

As a result of the use of a Viscosifying Film Builder in a foodcontaining a digestible carbohydrate, the digestible carbohydrate isprotected from digestion and absorption in the small intestine, andpostprandial glycemic response following consumption of the food can beattenuated.

Many of the Structural/Viscosifying Fermentable Materials describedabove can be also used as a Viscosifying Film Builder. The ViscosifyingFilm Builder generally comprises a non-digestible, fermentable fibermaterial, which can include gums and resistant starches. Typicalhydrocolloids for use as a Viscosifying Film Builder can be selectedfrom the group consisting of agar, carrageenan, furcellaran, alginates,gum arabic, gum ghatti, gum tragacanth, karaya gum, guar gum, locustbean gum, inulin, tara gum, tamarind gum, konjac mannan, arabinoxylans,b-glucans and xyloglucans, pectin, cellulose or cellulosic material,curdlan, dextran, gellan gum, rhamsan gum, scleroglucan, welan gum,xanthan gum, gelatin, carboxymethylcellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose,hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, propylene glycolalginate, hydroxypropyl guar, and modified starches.

Preferred hydrocolloids useful as a Viscosifying Film Builder canprovide high levels of viscosity (greater than 300 cp in a 1% solution,according to the Viscosity Method, described hereinafter), are stable ingastric fluid, and provide optimum film properties. A preferredhydrocolloid useful as a Viscosifying Film Builder is selected from thegroup consisting of xanthan gum, the galactomannans (guar gum and locustbean gum), pectin, alginates, carrageenan, tragacanth gum, and karayagum. Xanthan gum provides excellent viscosity, and is synergistic withthe galactomannans (guar gum and locust bean gum) to produce higherviscosities. Both xanthan gum and guar gum possess good filmextensibility and coating properties. Low methoxy pectin and thealginates have the ability to cross link to produce stronger films orcoatings. Inulin is a preferred Viscosifying Film Builder, and typicallyhas a DP from 2-60 fructose units (FU) and an average DP of 8-12, andmore preferably a DP from 15-60 FU and an average DP of about 15-30 FU.

The selection for use in a specific food system may vary based on thecomposition of the food in which they are to be used. TheStructural/Viscosifying Film Builder can also be selected to interactand react synergistically with intrinsic hydrocolloids that are alreadypresent in the digestible carbohydrate-based ingredient.

The Viscosity Building Component can also comprise a Rheology Modifieror plasticizer, as identified above, to improve the flow properties ofthe Viscosifying Film Builder, which helps to distribute theViscosifying Film Builder more uniformly throughout the resultingreduced digestible carbohydrate food or the masticated mass formedtherefrom. One or a mixture of the Rheology Modifiers can be used withone or more Viscosifying Film Builders.

Typical plasticizers can include low molecular weight saccharides, suchas glycerin and fructose, polyols such as sorbitol, xylitol,polydextrose, and certain dietary fibers such as inulin, and preferablyinulin having a degree of polymerization (DP) from 2-20, and an averageDP of 4-7, and fructooligosaccharides (also known as oligofructose)having a range of polymerization from 2-5, and an average of 4 or arange from 2-8, with an average of 4.7. The plasticizers can function asa humectant to faciliate the attraction, movement and distribution ofmoisture within the processed food matrix. The plasticizer can be addedto single hydrocolloid or mixed Viscosity Building Component system.

A digestible or partially digestible plasticizer material can also beused, although typically at limited levels to minimize the glycemic loadcontribution.

The Viscosity Building Component can provide a reduced digestiblecarbohydrate food or a food additive that, when consumed on, in or witha second food containing available digestible carbohydrates, can reducethe glycemic response of the second food, by providing protection to theavailable carbohydrates from digestion, and by reducing the absorptionof simple sugars produced by digested carbohydrate in the smallintestine. The invention provides for the blunting of blood glucoseresponse of a meal when the meal comprises at least one reduceddigestible carbohydrate food product of the invention. When a reduceddigestible carbohydrate food or food ingredient of the invention,preferable a portion commensurate with a recommended serving size of thefood, is mixed with other foods in a meal, the blood glucose response ofthe meal will be blunted when compared to a meal in which all foods areconventional foods.

Colonic Effects and Benefit:

The second means for reducing the glycemic response of a food containingdigestible carbohydrates provides for reducing the formation of glucoseand the stimulation of glycogen in the liver through fermentation in thecolon of the undigested, fermentable carbohydrate that by-passes thesmall intestine. Through this fermentation, additional health benefits,other than the reduction in glyemia can be realized.

In effect, the reduced digestible carbohydrate food made by practicingthe present invention causes a controlled amount of protected digestiblecarbohydrate to by-pass the small intestine, resulting in its use byresident microorganisms in the colon. The undigested, protectedcarbohydrate that reaches the colon can be fermented by (can become foodfor) colon microflora that are normally present. These undigested,protected carbohydrates play a significant role in the health of thecolon and the human body by maintaining the local health of the colon,as the large intestine plays a role in managing and conserving water andelectrolytes to prevent dehydration. Additionally, a healthy colon aidsthe digestion of residual material passing from the small intestine, andprovides a route for residual, undigestible material and toxins to pass.The large intestine is the most heavily colonized region of thedigestive tract, with up to 10¹¹-10¹² anaerobic bacteria for every gramof intestinal content. These bacteria produce enzymes that further thedigestion of proteins and carbohydrates passing undigested from thesmall intestine. Many variables can influence the extent of theundigestible carbohydrate fermentation and consequently, the nature andamount of the various end products produced from the fermentation,including gases (methane, hydrogen, carbon dioxide) short chain fattyacids (SCFA) (C2-C5 organic acids), as well as an increased bacterialmass. The extent of fermentation typically range from completelyfermented (many water-soluble undigestible carbohydrates, as thosecreated by practicing the present invention) to little fermentation,e.g. cellulose particles. However, of the many factors influencing theextent of fermentation, the primary influence is the physicochemicalnature of the undigestible carbohydrate.

Increases in microbial mass from undigestible carbohydrate fermentationcontributes directly to stool bulk, which is a large part of the stoolweight. Bacteria are about 80% water and have the ability to resistdehydration, as such contribute to water-holding in fecal material. Thenumber of bacteria in human feces is approximately 4×10¹¹-8×10¹¹/g dryfeces, and makes up to about 50% of fecal solids in subjects on aWestern diet. Gas production from colonic fermentation can also havesome influence on stool bulk. Trapping of gas can contribute toincreased volume and a decrease in fecal transit time.

The metabolic end products of fermentation, namely the gases, SCFA andincreased microflora play a pivotal role in the physiological effects ofthe undigestible carbohydrate in the colon and implications for localeffects in the colon and systemic effects. The gases produced fromfermentation by strict anaerobic species, such as bacteriodes, somenon-pathogenic species of clostridia and yeasts, anaerobic cocci, andsome species of lactobacilli, are mostly released as flatulence or areabsorbed and subsequently lost from the body through the lungs. However,some of the hydrogen and carbon dioxide produced from these microfloramay be further metabolized to methane (CH₄) by methanogenic bacteria,thus reducing intestinal gas pressure. Of these anaerobicmicroorganisms, the clostridia, eubacteria and anaerobic cocci are themost gas producing, while the bifidobacteria are the only group ofcommon gut microflora that do not produce any gases.

The energy content or caloric value of protected digestiblecarbohydrates in a food can be from the carbohydrate being fermented inthe colon, versus being digested and absorbed in the small intestine asdigested carbohydrate. Postprandial glycemic and hyperlipidemicresponses are attenuated by the film forming and viscosity buildingproperties of hydrocolloids. The non-digestible hydrocolloid filmsprotect the digestible carbohydrates from interaction with carbohydratedigesting enzymes. The viscosifying properties of hydrocolloids reducecarbohydrate absorption in the small intestine by thickening intestinalcontents, which diminishes peristaltic mixing and the diffusion ofdigested carbohydrates moieties. SCFAs absorbed into the portal bloodsystem and reaching the liver can influence glucose and lipidmetabolism. They attenuate blood glucose levels, as well as blood levelsof cholesterol and triglycerides. Once digestible carbohydrate by-passesdigestion and absorption in the small intestine, and is fermented in thecolon, the SCFA resulting from this process provide a certain amount ofenergy from their absorption from the colon and subsequent metabolism inthe liver. The energy content or caloric value of an non-digestiblecarbohydrate is from a scientific standpoint dependent on the degree offermentation. Non-digestible carbohydrates that are not fermented to anyextent have a caloric content approaching 0 kcal/gram, while data fromcaloric studies indicate that the average energy yield from theirfermentation to SCFA and there oxidation in the liver in monogastricspecies is in the range of 1.5 to 2.5 kcal/g, rather than 4.0 kcal/gfrom its digestion and absorption in the small intestine and subsequentoxidation in the liver. This is due to loss of energy from the formationof bacterial biomass, gases, and heat from the non-digestiblecarbohydrate fermentation process.

The primary SCFA generated by fermentation are acetate, propionate andbutyrate, accounting for 83-95% of the total SCFA concentration in thelarge intestine, which ranges from about 60-150 μmol/L. Theconcentrations of these acids are highest where concentrations ofmicroflora are also highest, namely in the cecum and right or transversecolon. Corresponding to these higher acid levels, the pH is alsotypically lowest in the transverse colon (5.4-5.9) and graduallyincreases through the distal colon to 6.6-6.9. As the pH is reduced, thecolonic environment becomes less favorable for toxin-producing andill-health promoting microflora, such as E. coli, clostridia, andcertain yeasts.

At the colonic level, the fermentation of the undigestible carbohydrateincreases the concentration of these health-promoting SCFA andendogenous, more pH tolerant microflora, such as the bifidobacteria, toexert potential health effects such as 1) influencing mucosal cellgrowth and blood flow, 2) increasing mucus production 3) acting ascellular differentiating agents (anti-tumor effects), 4) preventingcolitis, and 5) improving mineral absorption, such as calcium ormagnesium, inhibiting the growth of pathogens. The SCFA, particularlypropionate, absorbed into the portal blood system and reaching the liverand kidneys can further influence metabolism. This can lead to systemiceffects such as reduction in glycemia, lipidemia, uremia andimprovements in overall nitrogen balance. Influence on lipids is anexample of a potential health effect; as high serum lipid levels areconnected with a increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Additionally,low glycogen production and high glucose production in the liver isconsistent with creating insulin resistant over time, resulting indiabetic consequences. This risk may be lowered by the consumption ofundigested, fermentable protected carbohydrates.

In addition to its effects on host metabolism, the undigested,fermentable, protected carbohydrate also has relationship with reducingthe risk of colon carcinogenesis. The fermentation of well fermentedcarbohydrate sources, as created through practicing the presentinvention, leads to butyric acid, the majority (about 90%) is thought tobe metabolized to CO₂ and ketone as preferred substrate for colonocytes,providing 70% of their total energy, and preventing them, as a potentdifferentiating agent in cell culture, from conversion to tumordevelopment.

Modified Carbohydrate-Based Food Ingredient:

Another embodiment of the present invention relates to a modifiedcarbohydrate-based food ingredient that comprises a digestiblecarbohydrate-based ingredient, and a non-digestible protectiveingredient. A typical digestible carbohydrate-based ingredient is agrain flour. In the making of food products containing digestiblecarbohydrates, both domestically and institutionally, a digestiblecarbohydrate-based ingredient, such as a vegetable or fruit flour, is acommon ingredient in the food preparation process. Typical grain floursinclude those derived from grains such as wheat and barley, grasses suchas corn and rice, legumes such as soy beans, beans, and yellowchickpeas, and tubers such as potatoes. The present invention providesthat conventional flours can be modified with the addition of thenon-digestible protective ingredient of the present invention, toprovide a modified flour.

Typical non-digestible protective ingredients are particulate in form.Typically, the non-digestible ingredient is processed into theconventional flour as a hydrated slurry or solution, formed as describedabove. Alternatively, a particulate form of the non-digestibleingredient can be processed with the flour to form the modified flour.Although the modified flours can be made using conventional powdermixing equipment systems and techniques, it is preferred to useprocessing equipment and techniques that employ higher shear and lowercontact times than do conventional systems.

Typically the modified flour has physical properties comparable to thoseof the unmodified flour, and can be processed into food productsoriginating from a dough in accordance with the present invention, whichinclude but are not limited to, pastas, rice, potatoes, tortillas,breads and bakery products. Dough systems made with the invention haveenhanced rheology to aid the production processes used to make variousreduced carbohydrate products. Dough have better machinability, toreduce stickiness in extrusion dies and tortilla presses, for example.Dough has reduced viscosity to reduce extrusion die pressure, whilereducing power consumption and helping to enhance yields.

Another embodiment of the present invention relates a food ingredientthat can be sprinkled onto or added into a food to protect digestiblecarbohydrates from being digesting, or that will result in an increasedviscosity of the chyme. Such food ingredient can blunt the blood glucoseresponse of the treated food. The food ingredient can be a seasoning,flavoring or texture modifier. The food ingredient can comprise aparticulate or a liquid composition. The food ingredient can be used toprepare foods such as sauces, gravies, bakery mixes, pancake mixes, andbeverages. The food ingredient can be a light sauce or glazing product,which can be used as a glaze or dip for food products, like vegetablesand fruits.

Non-Digestible Hydrocolloids:

The following Table A provides a list of preferred non-digestiblehydrocolloids, with selected physical data. Selected hydrocolloids beloware discussed thereafter. TABLE A Backbone and side Viscosity & IonicSolubility Hydrocolloid chains MW Reactivity in Water Xanthanβ-1-4-D-glucosyl; 1500-1600 cps Limited at Soluble in Gum α-1-3Trisaccharide: (1% solution low conc. cold water D-mannose-β-1-2-D- with1% KCl @ glucouronic-β-1-4- 25 C.) MW˜15 mannose with million terminalpyruvate Guar Gum β-1-4-D-mannose with 1600 to 2000 cps Very low Soluble@ branchpoints from the (1% 25 C. 6 position; solution @ 25 C.)β-D-galactose MW˜75000 Pectin (low α-1,4-D-galacturonic MW 50 to Ca++Lumps; methoxyl) acid; Neutral chains of 150,000 separate L-arabinose &D- particles galactose and shear Pectin (High α1,4-D-galacturonic MW 150to methoxyl acid; Neutral chains of 200,000 L-arabinose & D- galactoseAlginate β-1-4 L-mannuronic 150-300 cps Ba++ soluble in acid, α-1-4-L-(1% solution @ Sr++ cold water; guluronic acid; 20 C.) Ca++ Ca++Unbranched Mg++ reduces solubility Carrageenan Galactose & 225,000 K+Na+ Na+ salt (Kappa) 3,6-anhydrogalactose; sol. in cold Sulphated andnon- water; K+ sulphated galactose salt sol. in units hot water LocustBean β-1-4-D-mannose with 50,000 to 3 Very low Less Gum branch pointsfrom the million Soluble 6 position; than Guar α-D-galactose TragacanthPoly-D-galacturonic 100-3500 cps Very low Soluble in Gum acid; Xylose,fucose, (1% solution @ cold and & galactose 25 C.) hot water MW˜840,000Karaya Gum αD-galacturonic acid 2000-3000 cps Very low Slightly andα-L-Rhamnose; β- (1% solution @ soluble in D-galactose; β-D- 25 C. MW9-16 MM hot and glucuronic acid cold water Konjac β-1-4-linked 1%solution 25 cps; No Soluble at (flour) D-Glucose and 2% RT with mannanD-Mannose solution 350 cps good (glucomannan) stirring Inulin β-D((2,1)-DP 5-60, avg. Very low Soluble in fructofranosyl)n 25; avg. 4550 MW hotwater; α-D(1,2)-gluco- sparingly pyranoside soluble in cold GlucanGlucose polymer MW 15,000 to Very low Dissolves joined by 1-4 & 150,000in water >75 C. 1-3 β-linkages; None Tamarind β-1-4-D-glucosylMW˜115,000 Very low Soluble in Gum cold waterXanthan Gum:

Xanthan gum is a food gum that was developed as a very stable thickeningagent for pourable salad dressings, sauces and gravies, pastry fillings,puddings, several dairy products, and fruit juices. It is an excellentthickener at low concentrations. Xanthan gum is a rigid structure havinga cellulose backbone with three beta-1-4 linked sugar side chains(D-glucose-2.8 moles, D-mannose-2.0 moles, D-glucuronic-2.0 moles). Itis pseudoplastic (thins when shear is applied), and contributes goodadhesion and coating properties. It is both cold and hot water soluble.In the absence of shear it produces a gel-like structure and highviscosity at low concentrations. Xanthan gum/guar gum and xanthan/locustbean gum mixtures exhibit synergistic increase in viscosity. Viscosityproperties are somewhat affected by ions, but relatively stable in acid,salt and at elevated temperatures. Xanthan is stable to freezingtemperatures, but is retort unstable, which is improved by 0.1% sodiumchloride (NaCl). Xanthan gum solutions exhibit little solution viscositychange over a wide temperature range, and typically fully recover theirviscosity after shearing. Xanthan gum is made by the bacteriumXanthomonas campestris utilizing sugars, like corn glucose, a commoncommercial way to make certain food ingredients. Xanthan gum can swellin gastric fluid to increase viscosity. Xanthan gum is resistant tohuman enzymes, and stable in both acid and alkaline conditions. It isnot digested by the body, but reaches the colon intact where it is usedfor food by resident microflora that produce products of thefermentation process that help reduce cholesterol and smoothfluctuations in blood sugar, and help maintain the health of the largeintestine.

Guar Gum:

Guar gum is a natural food emulsifier, thickener, and stabilizer that isused in many food products, such as frozen desserts, baked products,salad dressings, and cheese. This food gum is the storage carbohydratethat is extracted from the endosperm portion of the seed of a leguminousplant (Cyamopsis tetragonolobus). It is a non-ionic (uncharged)galactomannan polymer having a mannose polymeric backbone with galactoseside chains. It is cold water soluble, which increases with increasinggalactose side chains (greater than 25% galactose resulting in coldwater solubility). Guar gum hydrates rapidly in cold water, withincreasing hydration rate with increasing temperature, to give highlyviscous pseudoplastic solutions of generally low shear viscosity. Guargum is relatively unaffected by ions, pH, and is more susceptible toextreme temperature and shear than most other gums. Guar gum modifiesproperties when used with kappa-carrageenan or xanthan gum to give riseto synergistic viscosity increase without gel formation. It has goodcoating properties. Partial hydrolysis of guar gum in acid results inlower viscosity. Solutions are not affected by ionic strength or pH.Guar gum shows viscosity synergism with xanthan gum. It has been usedfor colonic delivery as a non-digestible carbohydrates that ferments toshort chain fatty acids in colon. The ingredient has been shown toimprove bowel functions, reduce diarrhea, relieve diarrhea and helpsreduce “bad” cholesterol and blood triglycerides levels and normalizeblood sugar levels after a meal.

Locust Bean Gum (LBG):

Locust bean gum is another galactomannan, like guar gum. It has amannose polymeric backbone with galactose side chains with a moleculeweight of about 330,000. Unlike guar gum, it is not cold water soluble,as it has only between 18-24% galactose side chains. It is uncharged andrelatively unaffected by ions, pH, and is susceptible to extremes intemperature and shear. Locust bean gum requires high temperature tohydrate, typically becoming fully hydrated if heated 10 minutes at 80°C., the solutions being cloudy, off-white. The gels formed afterhydration are shear-thinning (pseudoplastic). Like guar gum, locust beangum modifies gel properties of kappa carrageenan or xanthan gum. Xanthangum has stronger association with less highly substituted mannanbackbone of LBG than with guar gum. Locust bean gum forms elasticcombination gels above 0.4% total gum content. Alike guar gum, locustbean gum is readily fermented in human gut with modification of thehuman microflora to improve gut health and function. Studies have shownhypolipidemic (lower triglyceride and cholesterol) effects andpostprandial glucose (lower blood glucose levels and insulin response)effects.

Pectins:

These natural complexed food carbohydrates are present in the cell wallsof many plants, such as apples, citrus fruits, sunflowers and sugarbeets. Commercial pectin is a non-digestible carbohydrate that isusually extracted from apple pommace or citrus peels. Pectins areunbranched polymers of 200-1,000 galactose units, linked by beta-1-4glucosidic bonds (polymers of D-galacturonic acid). Pectin functionalityis due to the sequences of polygalacturonic acid and their extent ofmethyl esterification. Pectins are characterized on their degree ofmethyl esterification, which controls gel set rate. High methoxyl (HM)pectins are characterized as those having methoxyl contents of greaterthan 50%, while low methoxyl (LM) pectins typically have less than 50%methyoxyl content. Rapid set pectins typically have methyoxyl contentsbetween 70-85%, while slow set pectins have methyoxyl contents between44-65%. HM pectin requires low pH (<3.5) & high D.S. (>60° Brix) to formgels, but form excellent brittle films. As disclosed in the invention,pectin-containing films must be modified with water-attractingplastizers to enhance flexibility for there use in the invention. HMused as the gelling agent in regular jams and jellies. LM pectin formsgels by calcium ion-induced interchain associations. Amidated LM pectinsare used to gel natural fruit preserves. HM pectins stabilize sour milkdrinks as they react with casein (milk protein). LM pectins are alsoused for milk gels due to calcium interaction. Pectin is typically usedto help gel fruit jams and jellies, and some fermented milk products,such as yogurts and yogurt beverages. Studies have shown that pectinhelps decrease the rate that the stomach empties and slow the movementof food through the small intestine, thus helping to slow the absorptionof sugar into the blood and smooth blood sugar fluctuations. It also hasbeen shown to help decrease “bad” (LDL) cholesterol levels, while notchanging the “good” (HDL) cholesterol levels.

Carrageenan:

Carrageenan is a natural non-digestible carbohydrate extracted from redalgae (Rhodophyceae), a seaweed common in the Atlantic Ocean nearBritain, Continental Europe and North America. Carrageenans arepolydispersed (no two molecules are identical). Three forms exist(kappa, iota, lambda) structurally they differ by their ester sulfateand 3,6 anhydrogalactose cotents. The galactose backbone ester sulfategives negative charge. Anydrogalactose units in the main chain arerequired for gelatin synergy and the extent of sulfation controls geltexture. The kappa and iota types, both having 3,6 anhydro sugar, formgels, while lambda, without the sugar, does not gel and functions as athickener. Kapp carrageenans produce brittle gels with potassiuminteraction, while iota form elastic gels with calcium interaction.Carrageenan interacts with caseinates to stabilize the gel, whichdepends on the number and position of the sulfate group. Anions formstable colloidal protein-carrageenan complexes. Carrageenans are used tothicken some processed foods like ice cream, marshmallow fluff, pancakesyrup, dairy-based desserts, breakfast shakes and puddings, andprocessed meats; to stabilize or emulsify foods, helping liquids staymixed together, like in chocolate milk; and to help stabilize crystals,such as in confections and frozen desserts, by slowing the formation ofsugar or ice crystals. In the sense of natural creation, it is not muchdifferent than tomato paste in its creation. As a non-digestiblecarbohydrate, carrageenan is not digested by the human body, but iscompletely fermented in the colon by resident microflora to give healthbenefits. Studies have shown it helps increase intestinal viscosity,decreasing gastric emptying and small intestinal transit time(hypoglycemic properties). This process slows the rate of sugar into theblood, like pectin and guar gum, and is fermented to produce productsfrom the fermentation that influence blood sugar formation andcholesterol production in the liver.

Alginates:

Alginates are natural food extracts of the brown algae (Phaeophyceae).They are unbranched linear polymers composed of beta-1-4-D-mannuronicacids and alpha-1-4-L-guluronic acid residues. Alginate gels requirecounterions, such as calcium to form. Normal ions content is between0.5-1%. Viscosity increases at low concentrations, increasing withincreasing calcium content; viscosity of 1% from 1- to 2000 centipose(cP) as a function of molecular weight and calcium content. Film (gel)formation is mediated by controlled calcium release in systems throughcompetition by sequestrants, i.e. sodium citrate. Alginates precipitatebelow pH 3 and degrades above pH 6.5. Propylene glycol improves theirstability to calcium and acid. Propylene glycol alginate gels aredesigned to provide better acid stability and reduced precipitation atlow pH, as that used in salad dressings. Alginate and propylene glycolalginate systems are used in dairy products, bakery products (fruitfiling, texture and gelatin modification, in frozen desserts to resistice crystal formation and overrun (air) stabilization. Alginates arenon-digestible carbohydrates and are readily fermented in the human gutto short chain fatty acids to provide health benefits.

Gellan Gum:

Gellan gum is composed of two beta-glucose units plus beta-glucuronicacids and rhamnose units. It is produced by the bacterium Pseudomonaselodea and has a high molecule weight (1,000,000). Gellan gum isinsoluble in cold water and gels with high heat and calcium ions. Gellangum produces hard gels or_more tender (modified) gels with added LBG orxanthan gum. Gellan gum is similar to agar, carrageenan, and alginatesin functionality. Gel formation is brought about by aggregation ofdouble helices upon cooling, and is induced by all ions, includinghydrogen ions from acid addition. Gellan gum adds viscosity in foods andthe small intestine and is readily fermented to short chain fatty acidsin the colon.

Inulin:

Inulin is a non-digestible polymer of fructose. It is the naturalstorage carbohydrate found in over 36,000 plants worldwide and afterstarch is the most plentiful carbohydrate in nature. It is found incommonly consumed fruits and vegetables as onions, garlic, wheat,raisins, tomatoes, bananas, asparagus, and chicory root or its leaves(Belgian endive). It primary is produced commercially via extraction andpurification from the chicory root (Cichorium intybus). It is anunbranched linear polymer of beta-2-1-linked fructose molecules with aterminal alpha-1-2-linked glucose unit; as in sucrose. Native chicoryinulin typically has a range of degree of polymerization (DP) of 2-60fructose units, having and average of 9-12 units. It is soluble in coldand hot water to produce clear solutions (12 grams/L at roomtemperature), solubility and clarity being dependent on the polymericchain distribution. The inulin molecule is unstable in high water, lowpH environments (<pH 4.0), hydrolyzing to fructose. Shorter chainfractions, such as those having a degree of polymerization (DP) of 2-5or 2-8 units or an average of about 4 units, are highly soluble in water(750 grams/L at room temperature), are very hygroscopic (attractingwater) and have humectant properties for use as plasticizers in theinvention. Products of this type of inulin have low viscosity (5% inulintypically are about 10% or less the viscosity of sucrose). Theseproducts are available commercially as Nutraflora® scFOS from GoldenTechnologies, Inc (CO), Rafilose® P95 from Orafti Food Ingredients (PA),and Frutafit® CLR from Sensus America, LLC (NJ). Native inulin fromchicory root is a mixture of polymeric chains (polydispersed) having aDP of 2-60 fructose units with an average of 9-12 units. Native inulinprovides multifunction, as having humectant properties, providing waterbinding properties and form weak pseudoplastic particle gels. Particlegels of this type form at about 25% inulin content by weight, withincreasing viscosity and firmness with increasing concentration.Particle gels have increased strength with addition of cations, such ascalcium (0.25-1%). Gels formed are shear thinning (pseudoplastic). Gelsstabilize foams and aid in emulsions, especially when used withcarrageenan-based gum systems. Examples of commercially availableproducts having these characteristics are Oliggo-fiber® ST from CargillInc (MN).; Fribriline® ST from Cosucra (Belgium), Raftiline® ST fromOrafti Food Ingredient (PA)s; and Frutafit® HD from Sensus America, LLC(NJ). Physically fractionated inulins having higher DP, such as thosehaving a DP range of 5-60 fructose units with an average of 25 units,provide pseudoplastic gel formation (beginning at 12.5%), bind water,enhance food structure, and help minimize water migration in foods.Commercial examples of such products are Raftiline® HP from Orafti FoodIngredients (PA), Fibriline® LC from Cosucra (Belgium), and Frutafit®TEX! from Sensus America, LLC (NJ). Unlike the normal starch in foods,inulin is not digested by the body, but is used as a preferred food(dietary fiber) by a select group of health-promoting bacteria in thecolon (bifidobacteria and lactobacilli); the same bacteria as those usedas active cultures found in many yogurts, and other fermented dairyproducts. These bacteria use inulin selectively to grow and producefermentation products, such as SCFA to help support the immune system,regulate carbohydrate and lipid (fat) metabolism in the liver, helpimprove calcium absorption for strong bones and teeth, help supporthealthy immune function, and help keep the colon healthy for properdigestion of food and recycling of water to reduce dehydration effects.

Resistant Starches:

Ordinary starches are digested by carbohydrate digesting enzymes, suchas pancreatic amylase, alpha-dextrinase, maltase, sucrase, and lactase.The resistant starches that are useful in the invention are defined asthe sum of starch and starch products of starch degradation that is notbroken down by human enzymes in the small intestine of healthyindividuals. Resistant starches are considered to be dietary fiber. Theyare not digested in the small intestine, but are fermented in the colon.

Resistant starches useful in the present invention are classified basedon the origin of their resistance.

The resistance of RS1 starches is a resultant of the entrapment ofdigestible starch that protects it from attack by digestive enzymes.Examples of RS1 starches include partially milled grains, partiallychewed rice and cereal, and seeds. The resistance of RS1 starches can bevaried by the degree and types of processing such as found in partiallymilled grains.

RS2 starches involve starch granules that are resistant until they aregelatinized (starch granules hydrate and rupture). RS3 relates to theretrogradation or reassociation of starch polymer after gelatinization.RS4 are chemically modified starches that are resistant. Based on theabove classification digestible carbohydrates of the invention would beconsidered to be RS1 starches in that they are entrapped in thehydrocolloid film and the viscosified gastrointestinal content, whichprotects them from attack by digestive enzymes. Starch that is resistantto digestion has been shown in scientific study to help control bloodsugar and blood cholesterol and triglyceride levels, normalize insulinlevels, and help improve the health of the colon lining, thus reducingthe potential for ulcers and inflammatory bowel disorders and risk ofcolon cancers.

The complete hydrocolloid film forming systems employed in foods of thisinvention may contain added hydrocolloids as well as hydrocolloids thatpre-exist in a particular food for which a film is being prepared, suchas β-glucan and gluten in a grain product.

Foodstuffs are very complex materials and when coupled with themultifactorial functionality of the hydrocolloids, varying compositionsand levels of hydrocolloids and supportive chemical elements may berequired to optimize film performance.

Processes:

Different approaches to adding the non-digestible food film componentsand the viscosity building components into the digestiblecarbohydrate-based ingredient can be used.

In one embodiment, the invention provides a method for making a reduceddigestible carbohydrate food, comprising the steps of: providing ahydrocolloid composition comprising one or more, or all, hydrocolloidsmaterials; pre-hydrating the hydrocolloid composition into a slurry; andprocessing the pre-hydrated hydrocolloid composition into a digestiblecarbohydrate-based ingredient to form a dough; and optionally processingthe dough by proofing and/or drying, to form the reduced digestiblecarbohydrate food or food ingredient.

The processing typically comprises the step of mixing under appliedshear the hydrocolloid into or with the digestible carbohydrate-basedingredient (for example, a flour) for a period of time sufficient toform a digestion-resistant food material having an effective protectivefood film network, or alternatively, having an effectively dispersedhydrocolloidal viscosity-building component.

Different types of processing equipment and processing conditions can beused to mix and hydrate the components of a film system prior toaddition to a carbohydrate-based food ingredient, and for achieving thefinal incorporation of the film into the food. Processing approachesmust be properly selected for developing films in foods whennon-hydrated food film components are incorporated during the productionof the food product. The selection of processing equipment andconditions will be dependant on the composition of the film used, thekind of food product to which it is applied, and the characteristics andperformance of the film desired. Processing can influence how the foodfilm network is distributed and embodied within the food matrix. It alsocan affect film characteristics both during their preparation andincorporation into the food matrix. Processing can affect a film'srheology, strength, and influence on chyme viscosity. Pre-hydrated gumsused in the compositions and processes of the present invention can beselected to minimize competition for water or moisture with othercomponents, including the flour.

An important processing consideration is the amount of mixing shear tobe applied. High shear mixing applied to hydrated film preparations canprovide uniformity of component distribution and in some cases desiredmolecular interaction. High to medium shear mixing can be used toincorporate and develop film systems in foods. High shear mixing intwin-screw extrusion processes can provide intimate interaction of filmcomponents in a plasticized mixture of food and film components. For aparticular food ingredient and hydrocolloid system, mixing intensity andmixing time should be controlled. The time and intensity of high shearmixing can be optimized by persons of ordinary skill in the art in orderto achieve good film properties and proper distribution of theprotective food film network. One can expect that over-shearing of ahydrocolloid food films can reduce its desired properties andfunctionality.

In another embodiment, the invention provides a method for making areduced digestible carbohydrate food, comprising the steps of: providinga hydrocolloid composition comprising at least one non-digestiblehydrocolloid material; pre-hydrating the hydrocolloid composition; andprocessing the pre-hydrated hydrocolloid composition into a digestiblecarbohydrate-based ingredient that comprises a native hydrocolloid toform a dough, and optionally processing the dough by proofing and/ordrying, to form the reduced digestible carbohydrate food.

In yet another embodiment, the invention provides a method for making areduced digestible carbohydrate food, comprising the steps of: providinga hydrocolloid composition comprising at least one non-digestiblehydrocolloid material; admixing the hydrocolloid composition with one ormore dry food ingredients that comprise a digestible carbohydrate-basedingredient; and hydrating and processing the admixture of hydrocolloidand dry food ingredient to form a dough, and optionally processing thedough by proofing and/or drying, to form the reduced digestiblecarbohydrate food. In this embodiment, the particle size of thenon-digestible materials typically have a particle size comparable tothe particle size of the flour, to provide rapid and efficienthydration. The smaller the particle size of the non-digestible material,the more surface area and the greater the hydration efficiency. Largerparticle sizes result in significantly better dispersion and goodoverall hydration if only low sheer mixing equipment is available.Typically, the non-digestible hydrocolloids having a particle size rangeof about 40 to about 200 microns, and more typically of less than about75 microns.

Food Products:

Protective food film networks can be designed for digestiblecarbohydrate-based ingredients that can be employed in wide range offood product types and categories. As used herein, a food product madeaccording to the present invention can be for human or animalconsumption, and includes without limitation a food for pets andlivestock and farm animals. Food categories where the inventiontechnology is applicable include, but are not limited to: pasta (alltypes including noodles), reconstructed or formed rice, restructured orformed potatoes (mashed, instant flakes, and reconstructed potatoproducts such as tater tots, French fries, hash browns, and chips),beverages, bakery products, desserts, sauces, gravies and soups, foodbars, confection (including frostings), cereals, and snacks such aschips and extruded, expanded snacks. Bakery products can include breads,which can include as examples ordinary loaf bread, toasts, buns, rolls,croissants, pretzels (soft and hard), pizza dough (frozen and fresh),English muffins, bread sticks, flat breads, pita breads, tortillas,croutons, bread and breader crumbs, sweet breads, muffins, doughnuts,chips and bagels. Unleavened bread is prepared without a leaveningagent. Bakery products can also include as examples cakes, cookies,pastry doughs and pastry products.

Pasta:

A typical food category employing the compositions and methods of thepresent invention is pasta. The pasta food according to the presentinvention can be hand-made or in highly automated andtechnologically-advanced manufacturing facilities, where the individualpasta shapes (spaghetti, noodles, bow ties, rigatoni, etc.) aretypically made by drying an extruded pasta dough. A preferred flour formaking pasta is durum semolina. Durum wheat (Triticum durum) is ahigh-gluten, exceptionally hard wheat. “Semolina” refers to the millingtexture rather than the particular grain; semolina has the texture offine sand and according to federal regulations can only contain 3%“flour” (much finer-milled powder). “Granular durum” is essentiallysemolina with between 3% and 10% flour content instead of less than 3%).The highest-grade durum, milled as semolina, gives the pasta elasticityand helps it to cook up firmer than pasta made with soft-wheat flour,which tends to break more easily and cook to a soft, limp, stickyconsistency.

The pasta made in accordance with the present invention typicallycomprises, by weight, at least about 50%, more typically at least 75%,and even more typically at least about 85%, and up to about 98% flour,more typically up to about 90%, of flour. The pasta also typicallycomprises, by weight, at least about 2%, and more typically at leastabout 5%, of the non-digestible protective material, and up to about40%, more typically up to about 15%, and even more typically up to about10%, of the non-digestible protective material.

The non-digestible protective material comprised in the pasta cancomprise, by weight, typically at least 10%, more typically at leastabout 20%, and even more typically at least about 30%, and up to about70%, more typically up to about 60% and even more typically up to about40%, of the structural and viscous food film component selected from atleast one, and typically both, of the structural/viscous fermentablematerial and the structural protein polymer. The non-digestibleprotective material comprised in the pasta can comprise, by weight,typically at least about 25%, more typically at least about 35%, and upto about 90%, and more typically up to about 70%, of the rheologymodifier material. The non-digestible protective material comprised inthe pasta can optionally comprise, by weight, typically at least about0.5%, more typically at least about 1%, even more typically at leastabout 3%, and typically up to about 20%, more typically up to about 10%,and even more typically up to about 5%, by weight, of the ionic propertymodifier.

In the manufacture of the pasta, the practice of the present inventionhas shown a significant reduction in “checking”. Checking refers topasta product crumbling or disintegration during storage when pastalooses or gains moisture. The phenomena is exacerbated by poorextrusion, drying or storage conditions and the phenomena is observed,most frequently, in pastas at the beginning and end of an extrusionprocess. It is at this time that temperature and humidity changes in thedrying chamber fluctuate considerably and are least uniform. Checks aremanifest by small cracks, apparent in pasta as tiny white lines, whichcan also cause the pasta to break up and fall apart as it cooks.“Checking” observations have been made on pasta samples produced inaccordance with the present invention and indicate that the use of thenon-digestible protective ingredient in the manufacture of pasta resultsin a very significant reduction in checking. Consequently, a furtherembodiment of the invention is the use of a non-digestible protectiveingredient as described herein for reducing the phenomenon known as“checking” in the production of pasta.

It has been observed that the cooked pasta products made in accordancewith the present invention have an improved bite compared toconventional pasta, and relative to the same pasta formula without thenon-digestible protective ingredient of the present invention. The term“bite” comes from the Italian term “al dente”, which means “to thebite”, and is used to describe the correct degree of doneness for pasta.A pasta with a preferred bite should retain a slight resistance whenbiting into it, but should not have a hard center. Consequently, afurther embodiment of the invention is the use of a non-digestibleprotective ingredient as described herein in the making of pasta toimprove the bite of the cooked pasta. The principle contributingmaterial to the improved structure and bite of the pasta are thestructure/viscous fermentable material and the structural proteinpolymers.

It has been observed that a cooked pasta product made in accordance withthe present invention has an increased level of water retained in thecooked pasta, compared to conventional pasta, and relative to the samepasta formula without the non-digestible protective ingredient of thepresent invention. The amount of water uptake of conventional cookedpasta is approximately 100% of the dry weight of the pasta, meaning that400 grams of dry pasta will absorb and retain water to have a finalcooked weight of about 800 grams. Pasta made in accordance with thepresent invention can retain at least about 10%, more typically at leastabout 20%, and even more typically at least about 40%, more water whencompared to a comparable, conventional pasta, normalized for the amountof wheat flour used. Therefore, even accounting for dilution of thewheat flour by the non-digestible protective ingredient, the cookedpasta of the present invention holds significantly greater amount ofwater per dry unit of wheat flour. Consequently, a further embodiment ofthe invention is the use of a non-digestible protective ingredient in apasta product for increasing the amount of water in the cooked pasta,and a cooked pasta comprising an increased level of moisture, per weightunit of digestible carbohydrate-based food ingredient, where thedigestible carbohydrate-based food ingredient can be wheat flour.

The increase in water binding of the cooked pasta also reduced thecooking losses. It has actually been observed that the use of thenon-digestible materials of the present invention results in a cookinggain. Conventional pasta is defined as being very good when the cookinglosses are less than 5.5%; good when between 5.6% and 6%, fine ifbetween 6.5% and 7.5%, and poor if the losses are greater than 7.5%.High quality conventional pasta usually has about 4% cooking loss.Pastas made in accordance with the present invention are typically low,between 2% and 5%. In one example of a reduced digestible pasta, havinga non-digestible material content of 8.6% and consisting of 0.90% vitalwheat gluten, 0.60% modified wheat gluten, 1.00% xanthan gum, 0.30% highmethoxy pectin, 0.30% potassium chloride, 2.50% sorbitol, and 3.00%inulin. The pasta has a cooking loss of between 2.3% and 2.55%.

It has also been observed that the cooked pasta made in accordance withthe present invention has acceptable, and more typically improved,integrity, bite and structure, relative to conventional cooked pasta.Consequently, a further embodiment of the invention is the use of anon-digestible protective ingredient in a pasta product for improvingthe physical integrity, bite and structure of the cooked pasta.

Food products of the present invention can also be made with flours ofvarious fruits and vegetables, including, but not limited to wheat, rye,barley, oat and sorghum, rice, corn, and potato flours. The inventionalso therefore relates to reducing the phenomenon known as “checking” inthe production of reconstituted rice and other extruded and dried doughproducts made from such flours, and to improving the bite and thephysical integrity, and increasing the amount of water retained, in thecooked, reconstituted rice and other cooked products.

As an example of an application of the invention, pasta can be madeusing various flour systems, such as using standard semolina flour thatis modified using a combination of a food film component comprising astructural/viscous fermentable material, a structural protein polymer, arheology modifier/plasticizer, and an ionic property modifier, whereby awell mixed blend of ingredients related to the invention, comprised of aratio of about 33% food film component; 65% rheology modifier and 2%ionic proerty modifier, is added at a level of about 4-11% to the flourusing high sheer mixing for about 10 seconds. The dry ingredients aftermixing are fed into a commercial pasta press, where 100-120° F. water isadded by mixing into the dry ingredients at a rate to meet the formulalevel of water and to produce an extrudable dough. The dough is extrudedthrough a pasta die that would produce various pasta shapes, such asZiti, penne, elbows, spaghetti, and the like. The moisture content ofthe extruded pasta is 29-35%. The wet product is dried to 12% moistureusing a pasta dryer.

Other flour types, such as long grain rice flour may be used in totalreplacement of the semonlina or wheat flour with little or notmodification to the process. Alternatively, other flour types such assoy flour, pea flour, other legume flours, and root flours can be usedin partial replacement of wheat flour, standard semolina flour and thelike, the replacement depending on the organoleptic and physicalcharacteristics, such as color and desires of the finished pastaproduct.

In an example of this embodiment a reduced digestible carbohydrate drypasta is made by producing a pre-hydrated hydrocolloid filmincorporating the film into a dough by addition through the wateraddition port of a pasta press, pressing the dough through a pasta diein desired shapes and subsequently dried in a pasta drier. Theprehydrated hydrocolloid film is made having a composition containing85% water; 5.3% inulin; 6.2% sorbitol; 0.9% xanthan gum; 1.2% kappacarrageenan; 0.7% high methoxyl citrus pectin; and 0.7% potassiumchloride (KCl). Xanthan gum is available as TIC Prehydrated NT. Kappacarragennan is also available from TIC Gums. HM Pectin is high methoxylpectin, available as Kelco 150 B Rapid Set from CP Kelco. Inulin isFrutafit® CLR, available from Sensus America, LLC. The sorbitol isavailable from Roquette.

Prehydrated films of this type may be made and incorporated into floursof various types to make dough of rice to produce restructured riceproducts; potato flour for restructured potato products; wheat flour forbread and other baked products; tortillas, pretzels, and other likedough systems.

Potatoes:

Restructured potato products, such as French fries, hash browns, tatortots, potato chips and the like can be produced using a combination ofstandard potato flour, modified with a combination of various componentsof the invention, such as a structural and viscous food film componentthat is between 45-60%; a rheology modifier portion of 30-40%; and anionic property modifier of 2-4%, combined to the flour at a level ofabout 4-20% using high sheer mixing. Cold water (50-63° F.) is addedwhile mixing at medium sheer to produce a cold mash in a ratio of 170parts water to about 100 parts dry modified flour weight. The resultantcold mash is pressed through a low pressure vertical press containing asuitable die having the desired shape and the length of the resultantstrands are cut using a rotating cutting tool.

In the case of French fries, the resultant fries are either cooked invegetable oil at 356-365° F. for 90 seconds for immediate consumption or30-45 seconds and quick frozen for par cooked French fries. In the caseof tator tots, the mash is pressed into forms and cooked as for Frenchfries. In the case of hash browns, resultant thin strands of thepressing operation are formed into patties. In the case of restructuredpotato chips, the cold mash is placed in molds and baked to crispiness.Alternatively, soy flour, all purpose wheat flour, long grain riceflour, and other flours may be used at various levels to replaceportions of the potato flour, as desired.

Reconstructed Rice:

In yet another example of an application of the invention, restructuredrice can be produced using rice flour modified with a combination ofvarious components of the invention, such as a structural and viscousfood film component between 12%; a rheology modifier portion of 70-80%;and an ionic property modifier of 2-4%, combined to the flour at a levelof about 4-20% using high sheer mixing. The dry ingredients are meteredinto a pre-conditioner of twin-screw extruder where steam and water isadded to bring the moisture content of the feed material to the extruderup to approximately 38% and temperature to 190° F. (88° C.). Thepre-conditioned product is feed into a twin-screw extruder where thetemperature of the product is maintained in the range of 190 to 198° F.(88-92° C.). The screw configuration provides good mixing prior topassing the product through a die that has been configured to providetypical rice kernel shapes upon being cut at the die. A low pressure ismaintained to obtain good product shape. The temperature is maintainedbelow 212° F. (100° C.) to avoid expansion of the product. The dwelltime in the extruder is approximately 2 minutes. The moisture content atthe die is in the range of 35 to 36%. The product is dried in apasta-type dryer at about 140° F. (60° C.) and a relative humidity ofaround 70%. The resulting product is dried to near 12% moisture.Alternatively, soy flour, all purpose wheat flour, potato, and otherflours may be used at various levels to replace portions of the riceflour, as desired.

Tortillas:

The invention can also relate to a method of making flour tortillas andrelated product using hard red spring wheat flour, all purpose flour,and other flour types modified with a combination of various componentsof the invention, such as a SVFBH between 45-60%; a RMP portion of30-40%; and an IFM of 2-4%, combined to the flour at a level of about4-20% using high sheer mixing. In addition to the flour modificationsystem, an additional tortilla base is added at a level of between 0-5%to improve dough rheology, shelf stability and organoleptic properties,and is composed of but not limited to salt, baking powder, potassiumsorbate, sodium benzoate, calcium propionate, sodium sterol lactylate,and mono-diglycerides. This base is mixed with the flour and flourmodification blend in a high speed mixer for 5 minutes. Vegetableshortening is added into the dry blended mixture at a level between 3-7%of the formula weight while mixing for 2 minutes at high speed in aconventional roller or paddle mixer. Water at 82-86° F. is added whilemixing a low speed in a roller or paddle mixer. Mixing is continued foran additional 2 minutes. Resultant dough is divided and balled intoequal weight portions dependent on the size of tortilla being produced,i.e. 8 inch, 10 inch, 12 inch, etc. The divided dough balls are allowedto proof in a proofing cabinent for 5-10 minutes. Proofed dough ballsare pressed into tortillas using a conventional tortilla press to about0.008-0.10 inch thick. Tortillas are then baked in a 500° F.direct-fired oven for 30 seconds or until cooked. Baked tortillas arecooled on cooling belt for 3 minutes to a finished moisture of about 30%and less than 90° F.

Cereal:

A further example of the use of the invention can also be related to amethod of making corn and other cereals (flaked and expanded) usingwheat flour, corn flours, barley flour, rice flour and related flourtypes modified by various combinations of the invention, such as astructural and viscous food film component between 15-25%; a rheologymodifier portion of 35-65%; and an ionic property modifier of 5-15%,combined to the flour at a level of about 4-25%. The combination of thevarious components of this system are varied based on the type of cerealproduct being made, and is dependent on if the cereal is flaked orexpanded. Additionally, either sucrose or a sugar replacement systemconsisting of a sugar alcohol, low viscosity non-digestible carbohydratebulking agent, and/or a high intensity sweetener can be used. The sugaror its replacement system is added at a level of between 10-20% of theformula weight. This base flour modification system and sugar system isblended in a high speed powder mixer for 30 seconds to 5 minutes. Theunit operations involved in the flake extrusion process are extrusion,tempering, flaking and toasting. This involves cooking and palletizingthe cereal grain through the extrusion process. Following extrusion, thepellets are tempered, flaked and toasted. The dry flour/sugar blend ismetered from a volumetric feeder into a pre-conditioning cylinder of atwin-screw extruder where steam and, water is added to bring themoisture content of the feed material to the extruder up toapproximately 26-27%. The preconditioning cylinder is instrumental inthis process for partially hydrating the material and for partialgelatinization of the starch granules. The pre-conditioned product isfeed into a twin-screw extruder comprised of nine head elements with aL/D ratio of 25:1. Malt slurry is injected at head position 2 at a rateto maintain a level of about 4% of formula weight. Product temperatureis maintained in the range of 196 to 210° F. The screw configurationprovides good mixing prior to passing the product through a die that hasbeen configured to provide typical cereal pellet shapes upon being cutat the die. A low die pressure is maintained to about 500 psi to obtaingood product shape. The temperature is maintained below 212° F. to avoidexpansion of the product. The moisture content of the pellets at the dieis in the range of 27 to 38%. The pellets are tempered so that moisturecould equilibrate uniformly. The tempering process consists of holdingthe pellets at constant room temperature for a period between 5-15minutes to achieve uniform moisture distribution. Once tempered, thepellets are flaked in a flake mill by feeding through a Roskamp flakingmill. The moist and flaked cereal product is toasted at 300° F. for 3minutes in a rotary tray drier. Toasted flakes are cooled on a coolingbelt to less than 75° F. Expansion of cereal products is achieved interms of the invention by increasing the cook temperature above 212° F.,and potentially adding a small amount of native starch, followed bydrying in a tray drier. Puffed or expanded snacks, such as corn puffsare made by a similar means.

Bread:

The invention can also relate to a method of baking breads and otherbakery products, comprising the steps of: providing and adding amodified carbohydrate-based ingredient, typically as a modifiedcarbohydrate-containing flour, adding water, mixing the modified flourinto a dough or a batter mixture, and baking or cooking the dough orbatter mixture to product a bread or bakery product having a reducedlevel of digestible carbohydrates and an amount of a protectedcarbohydrate. Alternatively, the method can replace the step ofproviding and adding the modified carbohydrate-based ingredient with thesteps of: providing and adding a digestible carbohydrate-basedingredient, typically as a flour, and providing and adding anon-digestible protective ingredient.

Benefits of the invention are realized when ingesting a single foodcontaining high levels of digestible carbohydrate (i.e. pasta, potatoes,rice, snacks, confections, beverages, sauces, and bakery products).Consuming a beverage containing hydrocolloid systems between meals,prior to a meal, and with a meal will provide satiating effects and willattenuate blood glucose response.

Pet Food:

Food products of the present invention can also include pet foods,including, but not limited to, dog food and cat food. A typical caninefood product can contain from about 20 to about 40% crude protein, fromabout 4 to about 30% fat, and from about 35 to about 60 wt %, andpreferably from about 40 to about 55 wt. %, digestible carbohydrate, byweight of the dog food composition. Attempts to control bothpostprandial blood glucose and insulin levels after a meal have focusedon elimination of components that can contribute to higher responses inthese levels. For example, compared to rice, it has been shown thatcorn, sorghum and barley generally resulted in a gradual rise anddecline in glucose response. Use of the non-digestible protectiveingredient in pet food compositions can reduce the postprandial bloodglucose and insulin levels as described herein.

Optional Health-Promoting Nutritional Ingredients:

The various food products described herein can optionally comprisehealth-promoting nutritional ingredients, as necessary or as desired.Such optional ingredients can include, but are not limited to,ingredients to improve the food's influence on certain aspects of: humanmetabolism, such as sugar control, weight control or satiety, byincluding acetyl-L-carnitine, L-carntine, and conjugated linoelic acid;calcium absorption, by including vitamin D; immune stimulation, byincluding cold processed whey protein concentrate, beta-glucans,mushroom extracts such as maitake and shitake; blood lipid control, byincluding cholesterol, triglycerides); agents to add cognitive effects,by including gingko biloba, phosphitydal serine or choline; antioxidantproperties to minimize free radical cellular oxidation, by includinggrape seed extracts, Coenzyme Q, lutein, alpha lipoic acid, green teaextracts, astaxanthin and zeaxanthin, lycopene; and methylationenhancement by including betaine or trimethylglycine (TMG). The optionalingredients can include, but not be limited to, plant sterols andstanols, spices (such as cinnamon), trace minerals such as selenium,chromium, vanadium, manganese, zinc, copper and molybdenum, and omega 3and 6 fatty acids.

Inulin and other non-digestible dietary fibers and hydrocolloids canalso be used in amounts in the foods in excess of an amount needed toform an effective food film network. Typically, such levels of inulinand other dietary fibers are conveniently added into the food productsin their dry or powdered form, although they can also be introduced in ahydrated form, and integral with the other food film materials. Thisallows a food to be provided with an effective food film network thatcan protect carbohydrates from digestion, and at the same time enableshigher levels of inulin that can contribute improved health effects,beyond reduced carbohydrate digestion.

Test Method:

1) Blood Glucose Response (In Vivo):

The following method is used to determine the grams of digestedcarbohydrate in a serving of food that will be digested uponconsumption:

Overall:

The level of digested carbohydrate in a serving of reduced digestiblecarbohydrate food is obtained by determining the glycemic index (GI) ofthe food serving, and then multiplied the GI by the available digestiblecarbohydrate content of the food serving. The level of digestedcarbohydrate in the food serving can also be referred to as the glycemicload of the food serving. (See Foster-Powell K, Holt S H A, Brand-MillerJ C. International table of glycemic index and glycemic load values:2002. Am J Clin Nutr 2002; 76:5-56).

The GI value of the food serving is determined by feeding a serving ofthe reduced digestible carbohydrate food (referred to hereinafter as thetest food) to 10 or more healthy and qualified subjects that are notmetabolically impaired. It is important to insure that each subject doesnot have impaired glucose tolerance. The test food serving size isselected to contain 25 grams of available digestible carbohydrate. Thesubject's blood glucose levels are measured over the following twohours. Similarly, white bread servings containing 25 grams of availabledigestible carbohydrate (the reference food) is fed to subjects, andblood glucose levels are measured over the following two-hour period.

The amount of available digestible carbohydrate in the test food is thesum of total sugars and total starches, as determined by methods AOAC983.22 (total sugars) and 996.11 (total starches). (For cereals, methodsAACC 80-04 (total sugars) and AACC 76-13 (total starches) should beused.) Methods AOAC 983.22 and 996.11, and AACC 80-04 and 76-13 areincorporated herein by reference.

The curve attained from measuring the blood glucose concentration overthe two-hour test period is designated as the blood glucose or glycemicresponse curve. The area under the curve (AUC) is a measure of the bloodglucose response associated with eating the test or reference food. TheGI value for a particular test food is calculated by dividing the AUCfor that test food by the AUC of the bread reference standard.

The amount of digested carbohydrate (the glycemic load) of the test foodserving is determined by multiplying the amount of available digestiblecarbohydrate (25 grams) by the calculated GI.

Testing Method:

-   1. Test subjects arrive at the clinic in the morning after a 10 to    12-hour overnight fast. They are tested between 7:00 AM and 10:00    AM.-   2. A fasting baseline blood glucose level is determined by duplicate    testing of fingertip capillary blood obtained by a finger stick.-   3. Subjects are randomly assigned to a test meal or white bread    reference food.-   4. The meals are eaten within a 3-minute time period.-   5. 100 ml of water is offered with each meal.-   6. After ingestion of the meal, subjects remain inactive during the    2-hour test so that blood glucose levels are not inappropriately    affected.-   7. Fingertip capillary blood samples are taken at 15, 30, 45, 60,    90, and 120 minutes.-   8. Blood glucose levels are determined using a GM9D Analox blood    analyzer, which is typically employed in a clinical laboratory for    the purpose of medical diagnostics.    Test Requirements:-   1. Each subject is fed a minimum of three test meals and five bread    standards on different days.-   2. If duplicate fasting blood glucose values differ from each other    by more than 8 mg/dl, the test is aborted.    Pretest Subject Compliance Requirements:-   1. A subject must not consume alcoholic beverages within 48 hours    prior to testing.-   2. The subject must not exercise for 12 hours prior to testing.-   3. If a subject is ill or under extreme stress when presenting    themselves for testing, they must not be tested.-   4. Upon waking and prior to testing, the subject must not    participate in strenuous activities (e.g., bicycle riding, walking    long distances greater than 0.25 miles, or running).-   5. The subject should arrive at the clinic for testing by vehicle    unless otherwise approved by a clinical monitor.-   6. The subject should maintain comfortable body temperature by    wearing proper clothing.    Treatment of Data:    Blood Glucose Response Curves:-   1. The area under the blood glucose response curve (AUC) over the    two-hour testing period is calculated using a mathematical algorithm    known as the “standard trapezoidal method”.-   2. Whenever test curves exhibit double peaks, the subject is    re-tested on another day.-   3. A “flat-line” technique is used to correct the baseline for the    glucose threshold effect whereby a rise in blood glucose is too    small to elicit adequate insulin response to bring the blood glucose    response curve back to the original baseline or the point of fasting    blood glucose. A flat-line adjustment is achieved by establishing a    new baseline after the 15-minute point in which at least two points    show variation not more than ±6 mg/dl. The new baseline must lie    below 110 mg/dl. The newly defined baseline is used in the    determination of the AUC employing the “standard trapezoidal    method”.    Bread Standard Filtering and Adjustment to Glucose Scale:-   1. For the purpose of controlling bread standard variability and    thus test result variability, bread standard values are filtered    using a Z-score cutoff so that outliers more than 1.04 standard    deviations from the mean (after standardizing the distribution) are    removed.-   2. The AUC's for the filtered bread standard values are multiplied    by 1.40 to convert them to the standard glucose scale.    Disqualification of Individuals Based on High Bread Standard    Variability:-   1. After filtering, subjects are disqualified when the Coefficient    of Variation (i.e., standard deviation divided by the mean) for    their bread standards is greater than 40 percent.    Calculations:-   1. The glycemic index for each subject is determined by first    calculating the average AUC for both the test foods and the bread    standards and then dividing the average AUC of the test food by the    average AUC of the subject's bread standards (corrected to glucose    scale). The glycemic load of the food for each subject is calculated    by multiplying the GI by the amount of digestible carbohydrate in a    serving of the food.-   2. The glycemic load of the food is determined by averaging the GL    across all of the qualified test subjects.    2) Viscosity Measurement Method

A hydrated food film's viscosity can be determined using atemperature-controlled Plate and Cone Brookfield Viscometer. Otherviscometers can be used, including a spindle-type Brookfield Viscometer.Particular cone or spindle configurations can be selected based on theexpected viscosity range, as suggested by the manufacturer's technicalliterature.

The viscosity of individual hydrocolloids can also be measured, ataqueous concentrations as indicated.

3) Preparation of a Hydrated Food Film Composition

A hydrated food film composition is made using a laboratory-scale,scraper-type twin shaft mixer including a homogenizer and internaltrifoil blade, such as a SEM-TS 10 vac Twin shaft mixer from Buhler,Inc. (Switzerland). The mixer also has vacuum capabilities. Water isadded to the mixer and is heated to 86° F. The mixer trifoil blades areadjusted to turn at 30-45 revolutions per minute (rpm) and thehomogenizer feature to turn at about 1000 rpm. Typically a hydratedcomposition of 85% water, and 15% hydrocolloid components is made. Forsome hydrocolloid compositions, if the mixed composition is pasty orshows signs of incomplete wetting of the solids, then the water contentcan be increased in increments of 2% until the fully-hydrated liquidcomposition is made. The hydrocolloid ingredients of the food filmcomposition are dissolved in sequential order and allowed to mix for 5minutes. The addition order is: rheology modifier/plasticizers;structural/viscous fermentable materials; and ionic property modifiers.The structural/viscous fermentable materials typically are high waterbinding hydrocolloids, and should be added sequentially in increasingorder of water binding capacity. The blade speed is then adjusted toabout 100 rpm and homogenizer to about 2000 rpm and mixing is continuedfor an additional 5 minutes. The blade speed, homogenizer speed andtemperature are again increased to 135 rpm, 2525 rpm, and 95° F.,respectively. Vacuum is also adjusted to −0.3 bar. The slurry is mixedfor an additional 4 minutes. Vacuum is increased to −0.4 to −0.6 bar inthe mixer, with the temperature at 95°, the blade speed is reduced to 40rpm and homogenizer speed reduced to 100 rpm. The slurry is furthermixed under these conditions for about 8-10 minutes to remove entrappedair. To further unify the food film composition and eliminate gumagglomerates, the film system is pumped through a bead mill containing 2mm steel beads having a gap separation of 0.4 mm and run at 86° F.Throughput on the bead mill is about 15-17 kg/hr. The bead mill isavailable from Buhler, Inc. (Switzerland). The result is the hydratedfood film composition.

4) Preparation and Testing of Dried, Stabilized Food Film Samples

A dried, stabilized food film can be prepared by casting the hydratedfood film composition into a Lexan® plate using a Microm film applicator(available from Paul N. Gardner Co., Pompano Beach, Fla.) or knife bladeset to a 100 mil clearance. After air drying the films for 24 hours at60% relative humidity and 22° C., the films are evaluated on an INSTRONModel 1011 tensile-testing instrument, Stevens texture analyzer, aRheometrics RSA Solids Analyzer (Piscataway, N.J.) using film testingfeatures. Air is used in the film chamber for temperature control onruns beginning from ambient temperature. A nominal strain of 0.1% isused in most cases, with an applied frequency of 10 rad/sec (1.59 Hz.).

An optional tensile-strength instrument that can be used is a TA.XT2iTexture Analyzer and its Texture Expert (and Texture Expert Exceed)software for Windows (London, England).

EXAMPLES

The examples herein presented are to provide further illustration of theinventions and should in no way be interpreted as being furtherlimiting. In the following examples, the Durum flour is available fromNorth Dakota Mill. The inulin is available as Frutafit® HD from SensusAmerica, LLC. The guar gum is available from TIC Gums Inc. The sorbitolis available from Roquette. Vital wheat gluten is available fromRoquette. The pea fiber is available from Garuda International. The longgrain rice is from Rivland. The high methoxy pectin is from CP Kelco.All percentages are by weight percent, unless otherwise indicated.

Example 1 Reduced Digestible Carbohydrate Pasta

Pasta Dough Formula:

-   -   Water—23.0%,    -   Durum Extra Fancy Patent Flour—64.0%,    -   Inulin—4.5%,    -   Vital Wheat Gluten—2.5%,    -   Guar Gum (prehydrated)—1.5%,    -   Pea Fiber—4.5%        Procedure: The dry ingredients are mixed for 5.0 minutes in a V        powder mixer. The pasta is extruded on a Demaco commercial pasta        press. The dry ingredients after mixing are fed into a        commercial pasta press, where the water is added by mixing into        the dry ingredients at a rate to meet the formula level of water        and to produce an extrudable dough. The dough is extruded        through a pasta die that would produce a Ziti shape. The        moisture content of the extruded pasta is 30%. The wet product        is dried to 12% moisture using a pasta dryer. The resulting        pasta product is determined to have 12 grams of digestible        carbohydrate per 56 gram serving. A conventional pasta typically        has 42 grams of digestible carbohydrate per 56 gram serving.

Example 2 Reduced Digestible Carbohydrate Pasta

Reduced digestible carbohydrate pasta was made according to the methoddescribed in Example 1, using the ingredients shown below. Table C showsthe resulting dried pasta compositions. Semolina is available fromDakota Growers. The weight content of semolina includes about 12% waterby weight. Vital Wheat Gluten is available from MGP Ingredients, Inc.Modified Wheat Gluten is available as Arise™ 6000 from MGP Ingredients,Inc. Guar gum is available as TIC Prehydrated NT. Xanthan gum isavailable as Prehydrated Ticaxan. HM Pectin is high methoxyl pectin,available as Kelco 150 B Rapid Set from CP Kelco. Inulin-A is InulinFrutafit® CLR, and Inulin-B is Frutafit® HD, both available from SensusAmerica, LLC. TABLE C Weight % Dried Pasta Ingredient/Sample No. A B C DE F Semolina fine 91.40 91.55 90.95 91.40 91.00 91.00 Vital Wheat Gluten0.90 0.50 0.50 1.10 1.50 1.50 Modified Wheat Gluten 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.000.00 0.00 Xanthan Gum 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.10 1.50 1.50 HM Pectin 0.30 0.300.30 0.35 0.35 0.35 Potassium chloride 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30Inulin-A 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.50 Sorbitol 2.50 1.50 1.65 2.50 1.500.00 Inulin-B 3.00 4.00 4.20 3.25 3.85 3.85

Example 3 Processing of Pasta

A blend of the non-digestible materials was prepared, consisting byweight of 10.46% vital wheat gluten; 6.98% modified wheat gluten; 11.63%xanthan gum; 3.49% high methoxyl pectin; 3.49% potassium chloride;29.07% sorbitol; and 34.88% inulin. The materials were placed into a600-liter high intensity mixer (available from Processall, Incorporated,Cincinnati Ohio) and mixed as a batch for 30 seconds at 430 rpm. Themixer was discharged into an identified super sack. The super sack wasunloaded into an AccuRate Mechatron® Gravimetric Feeder, which wasadjusted to continuously discharge the mixed blend of non-digestiblematerial at a rate equivalent to 8.6% by weight of the total pastaformula. Durum semonlina flour having a minimum powder temperature of75° F., was combined with the non-digestible material blend in a paddlemixing conveyor, which was running at 50 rpm with a 2-minute retentiontime. Optionally, reground pasta is typically added with the durumsemonlina flour at between 10-15% by weight. Regrind addition has beenfound to not affect product performance at these addition ranges. Intypical commercial facilities, regrind is used since it is madecontinuously in the process and would build up in as a processing wasteif not added back in to the production. The non-digestible material andsemolina flour were blend further combined through the augers, reboltsifters (850 micron) and pneumatic conveying system (these weremechanical components used to transport the materials to the pastaproduction system). A continuous flow scale measured the combinedmaterials to verify the proper mass flow of the semolina andnon-digestible material to the pasta production line, and to quantifythe amount of product manufactured in each lot.

At a surge hopper above the production line the semolina/non-digestiblematerial blend temperature was verified to be above 75° F. Thesemolina/non-digestible material blend was hydrated in a FAVA high speedflour hydrating mixer. Water was added through two opposite locations inthe FAVA high speed mixer, which was operated at 1000 rpm. The hydratedmaterial residence time in the high speed mixture was about 8-10seconds. The water had a temperature of 140° F.±5° F., and was added ata rate of 33-34% by weight of the semolina/non-digestible material blend(or 860 liters per hour). The hydrated dough transfers from the FAVAhigh speed mixer to a FAVA dough mixer having a residence time of 13minutes and running at 300 rpm. The dough temperature in this step wasmaintained between 98-110° F., 98° F. minimum, and the dough moisturewas between 30.1 and 30.2%. The mixed dough proceeded to a FAVA vacuummixer having a residence time of 4-5 minutes and running at 300 rpm. Thedough moisture in the vacuum mixer was typically between 29.9% and30.1%. The conditioned dough continued to a FAVA pasta extrusion pressoperated with a 45-60 second residence time and running at 20 rpm and130 bars pressure. The dough moisture at the cutting head at the exit ofthe pasta press was 28.6%.

Short good, such as elbow macaroni and penne, were evaluated for lengthspecifications. The formed pasta proceeded to a FAVA Multi-stage dryerand the pasta was dried for three hours for short goods, and between sixand eight hours for long goods, such as spaghetti and linguine. Thedrier was run under a temperature profile in four stages includingpre-drying, final drying, stabilization and cooling. During thepre-drying stage the drier temperature begins at about 115° F. andincreases to about 175° F. over a 1 hour period for long goods, and aproportionally shorter time for short goods. The 175° F. temperature wasmaintained for about 1.25 hours and then increased to about 195° F. Thepasta traveled through the drying stage for an additional 2 hours. Themoisture decreased from about 29% to about 19% during these dryingstages. The pasta continued through the stabilization stage where theoven temperature was reduced during this stage from 195° F. to about167° F. over a 0.5 hour period. The pasta spent about 3 hours in thestabilization stage for long goods, and a proportionally shorter timefor short goods. At the start of the stabilization stage the pasta wastypically about 15% moisture and was typically about 12.5% moisture atthe end of this stage. The product then entered the cooling stage whereits temperature was reduced to about 82.5° F. The final product moistureafter drying was between 11.5-12.0%. The products were packaged in unitone pound boxes for sale.

Example 4 Reduced Digestible Carbohydrate Reconstructed Rice

Formula:

-   -   Long Grain Rice Flour—84.30%    -   Glycerol Monostearate—0.75%    -   Xanthan Gum—1.30%    -   High Methoxyl Pectin—0.80    -   Inulin (CLR)—6.50%    -   Sorbitol—6.20%    -   Potassium Chloride—0.20%

Procedure: The dry ingredients are mixed for 5.0 minutes in a V powdermixer. The dry ingredients are metered into a pre-conditioner. Steam andwater is added in the pre-conditioner to bring the moisture content ofthe feed material to the extruder up to approximately 38% andtemperature to 88° C. The pre-conditioned product is feed into a WengerTX-52 twin-screw extruder where the temperature of the product ismaintained in the range of 88 to 92° C. The screw configuration providesgood mixing prior to passing the product through a die that has beenconfigured to provide typical rice kernel shapes upon being cut at thedie. A low pressure is maintained to obtain good product shape. Thetemperature is maintained below 100° C. to avoid expansion of theproduct. The dwell time in the extruder is approximately 2 minutes. Themoisture content at the die is in the range of 35 to 36%. The product isdried in a pasta-type dryer at about 60° C. and a relative humidity ofaround 70%. The resulting product is dried to near 12% moisture. Theresulting reconstructed rice is determined to have 12 grams ofdigestible carbohydrate per 56 gram serving. A conventionalreconstructed rice typically has 42-45 grams of digestible carbohydrateper 56 gram serving.

Example 5 Reduced Digestible Carbohydrate Restructured French Fry

Reduced digestible carbohydrate potato products are made according tothe method described in Example 4, using the ingredients shown below.Potato flour is available from RDO Foods. Guar gum is available as TICPrehydrated NT. Kappa carragennan is also available from TIC Gums. HMPectin is high methoxyl pectin, available as Kelco 150 B Rapid Set fromCP Kelco. Inulin is Frutafit® HD, available from Sensus America. Thesorbitol is available from Roquette. Pea inner fiber is available fromNorben Company. White wheat fiber is available from International FiberFillers. Soy flour is available from Cenex Harvest States.Methylcellulose is available from FMC Corp.

Formula:

-   -   Potato Flour—85.50%    -   Methylcellulose—2.00%    -   White wheat fiber—2.00%    -   Soy flour—2.00%    -   Pea inner fiber—1.00%    -   Guar gum—1.00%    -   Kappa carragennan—0.50%    -   High Methoxyl Pectin—0.30%    -   Inulin (HD)—4.00%    -   Sorbitol—1.00%    -   Potassium Chloride—0.20%    -   Calcium chloride—0.50%

Procedure: A homogeneous dry mixture of the components is made by mixingin a V-mixer for 5 minutes. Cold water (50-63° F.) is added to the drymixture while mixing at medium sheer to produce a cold mash in a ratioof 170 parts water to about 100 parts dry modified flour weight. Theresultant cold mash is pressed through a low pressure vertical presscontaining a suitable die having the desired shape and the length of theresultant strands are cut using a rotating cutting tool. In the case ofFrench fries, the resultant fries are placed in a hot oil cooking basketand either cooked in vegetable oil at 356-365° F. for 90 seconds forimmediate consumption or 30-45 seconds and quick frozen for par cookedFrench fries. In the case of tator tots, the mash is pressed into formsand cooked as for French fries. In the case of hash browns, resultantthin strands of the pressing operation are formed into patties. In thecase of restructured potato chips, the cold mash is placed in molds andbaked to crispiness.

Example 6 Reduced Digestible Carbohydrate Tortillas

Reduced digestible carbohydrate flour tortillas are made according tothe method described in Example 5, using the ingredients shown below.The hard red spring wheat flour is available from Cenex Harvest States.The xanthan gum is available from TIC gums as Prehydrated NT, and HMpectin is available as Kelco 150 B Rapid Set from CP Kelco. The inulinis available from Sensus America, LLC as Frutafit® HD. The vital wheatgluten and modified wheat gluten are available from MGP Ingredients; themodified wheat gluten as Arise® 6000. The sorbitol is available fromRoquette America. The calcium propionate is dustless from ADM. Thesodium stearoyl lactylate is available from ADM as Paniplex® SK. Themono-diglyceride is also available from ADM as Panolite® 90-03.

Formula:

-   -   Hard red spring wheat flour—53.96%    -   Xanthan gum—1.00%    -   High Methloxyl pectin—0.30%    -   Inulin (HD)—3.00%    -   Sorbitol—2.50%    -   Vital wheat gluten—0.60%    -   Modified wheat gluten—0.90%    -   Potassium chloride—0.30%    -   Salt—1.23%    -   Baking powder—0.28%    -   Potassium sorbate—0.05%    -   Calcium propionate—2.35%    -   Sodium stearoyl lactylate—1.55%    -   Mono-diglyceride—0.38%    -   General purpose vegetable shortening—5.42%    -   Water—31.67%

Procedure: The dry components are mixed in a V-powder mixer or otherappropriate mixer for 5 minutes. Vegetable shortening is added into thedry blended mixture while mixing for 2 minutes at high speed in aconventional roller or paddle mixer. Add 82-86° F. (28-30° C.) waterwhile mixing a low speed in a roller or paddle mixer. Mixing iscontinued for an additional 2 minutes. Resultant dough is divided andballed into equal weight portions dependent on the size of tortillabeing produced, i.e. 8 inch, 10 inch, 12 inch, etc. The divided doughballs are allowed to proof in a proofing cabinet for 10 minutes. Proofeddough balls are pressed into tortillas using a conventional tortillapress to about 0.008-0.10 inch thick. Tortillas are then baked in a 500°F. (260° C.) direct-fired oven for 30 seconds or until cooked. Bakedtortillas are cooled on cooling belt for 3 minutes to a finishedmoisture of about 30% and less than 90° F. (32° C.). The resultingtortilla is determined to have 6-9 grams of digestible carbohydrate per61 gram serving. A conventional flour tortilla typically has 28-32 gramsof digestible carbohydrate per 61 gram serving.

Example 7 Plasticizer Effects on Mechanical Properties of Food Films

To test the effects of plasticizer level on mechanical properties offilms, HM pectin/starch films and xanthan gum/kappacarrageenan/HM-pectin films containing differing levels of plasticizerwere prepared. Three HM-pectin/starch films were prepared. A 100% HMpectin, a 95/5-HM-pectin/starch ratio and a 85/15 HM-pectin/starchratio, with each containing either 9% or 26% glycerin as a plasticizerwere prepared. Films containing only HM-pectin films and thosecontaining starch, without any plasticizer, had elongation to break of<100% and had low breaking strengths of 0.5-2.0E+01 dynes/cm², whilefilms containing 9% glycerin had elongations to break of about 100% andhigher breaking strengths of about 1.5 to 2.0E+02 dynes/cm². Filmscontaining about a 3-fold higher plasticizer level (26% glycerin) hadbreaking strengths of about 3.5 to 4.0E+08 dynes/cm² (several orders ofmagnitude higher than the 9% glycerin-treated films and significantlyhigher than HM-pectin films without plasticizer addition). The 26%treated HM-pectin films also had elongation of break of about 150-200%.Pure HM pectin and HM pectin/starch blends, with no added plasticizershowed little deformation of E′ and E″ with increasing temperature.However, use of plasticizer significantly reduced both E′ and E″ withincreasing temperature, particularly over 185° C.

In other example, a film, which can be used in producing pasta withprotected carbohydrates, was made containing a pre-dehydratedcomposition (by weight) of 1.2% xanthan gum, 1.0% kappa carrageenan,0.6% HM-pectin, 12% polydispersed inulin, 4% sorbitol, 0.2% potassiumchloride, and 81% water. The film composition contains about 15%structural/viscous fermentable material and about 85% plasticizer.Breaking strength and elongation to break values were about 5.25 E+05dynes/cm² and 150%, respectively, signifying good overall filmflexibility and strength.

In yet another example, a film was made containing a pre-hydratedcomposition (by weight) of 0.4% gellan gum, 1.2% kappa carrageenan, 1.0%guar gum, 12% short chain inulin, 3.8% sorbitol, 0.1% sodium citrate,0.1% potassium chloride, and 81.4% water. Breaking strengths andelongation to break values consistent with the dried-weight compositionof about 14% of various high water binding structural film buildingcomponents and 85% mixed plasticizer, were about 7.2E+05 dynes/cm² and75%, respectively.

1. A reduced digestible carbohydrate food comprising: 1) at least 50% byweight of available carbohydrate, wherein the available carbohydratecomprises at least 15% protected carbohydrate, and 2) a non-digestibleprotective material.
 2. The reduced digestible carbohydrate foodaccording to claim 1, wherein the non-digestible protective material isselected from the group consisting of: (1) at least one of: (i) astructural/viscous fermentable material selected from the groupconsisting of carrageenan, furcellaran, alginate, gum arabic, gumghatti, gum tragacanth, karaya gum, guar gum, locust bean gum, tara gum,tamarind gum, inulin, agar, konjac mannan, arabinoxylans, β-glucans,xyloglucans, pectin, cellulose, curdlan, dextran, gellan gum, rhamsangum, scleroglucan, welan gum, diutan gum, xanthan gum, gelatin,carboxymethylcellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, propylene glycol alginate,hydroxypropyl guar, modified starches, and mixtures thereof, (ii) astructural protein polymer selected from the group consisting of gluten,modified gluten, casein, soy, whey concentrate, chitosan, amylose, andmixtures thereof; and (2) a rheology modifier selected from the groupconsisting of a low molecular weight saccharide such as glycerin,fructose, a fructooligosaccharide, a polyol, inulin having a degree ofpolymerization (DP) from about 2-20 and an average DP of about 4-7, anoligosaccharide, gum arabic, and partially hydrolyzed guar gum.
 3. Thereduced digestible carbohydrate food according to claim 1, comprising atleast 80% by weight of available carbohydrate, and wherein the availablecarbohydrate comprises at least 50% protected carbohydrate.
 4. Thereduced digestible carbohydrate food according to claim 1 wherein theavailable carbohydrate is comprised in a grain flour.
 5. The reduceddigestible carbohydrate food according to claim 4 wherein the grainflour is selected from the group consisting of flours of wheat, rye,barley, oat, sorghum, rice, corn, and potato.
 6. The reduced digestiblecarbohydrate food according to claim 1, further comprising an IonicProperty Modifier.
 7. A reduced digestible carbohydrate foodcomprising: 1) a available carbohydrate comprising a protectedcarbohydrate, and 2) a non-digestible protective material comprising, byweight: a) at least 10% of at least one of: (i) a structural/viscousfermentable material selected from the group consisting of carrageenan,furcellaran, alginate, gum arabic, gum ghatti, gum tragacanth, karayagum, guar gum, locust bean gum, tara gum, tamarind gum, inulin,arabinoxylans, b-glucans, xyloglucans, pectin, cellulose, curdlan,dextran, gellan gum, rhamsan gum, scleroglucan, welan gum, xanthan gum,gelatin, carboxymethylcellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, propylene glycol alginate,hydroxypropyl guar, modified starches, and mixtures thereof, (ii) astructural protein polymer selected from the group consisting of gluten,modified gluten, casein, soy, whey concentrate, chitosan, amylose, andmixtures thereof; and b) at least 35% of a rheology modifier selectedfrom the group consisting of a low molecular weight saccharide such asglycerin, fructose, a fructooligosaccharide, a polyol, inulin having adegree of polymerization (DP) from about 2-20 and an average DP of about4-7, an oligosaccharide, gum arabic, and partially hydrolyzed guar gum.8. The reduced digestible carbohydrate food according to claim 7,comprising at least 25% by weight of the available carbohydrate, andwherein the available carbohydrate comprises at least 15% protectedcarbohydrate.
 9. The reduced digestible carbohydrate food according toclaim 7, further comprising an Ionic Property Modifier.
 10. A reduceddigestible carbohydrate food made from a dough, the dough being made byadmixturing: 1) a digestible carbohydrate-based ingredient thatcomprises digestible carbohydrate, and 2) a non-digestible protectivematerial comprising, by weight: a) at least 10% of at least one of: (i)a structural/viscous fermentable material selected from the groupconsisting of carrageenan, furcellaran, alginate, gum arabic, gumghatti, gum tragacanth, karaya gum, guar gum, locust bean gum, tara gum,tamarind gum, inulin, arabinoxylans, b-glucans, xyloglucans, pectin,cellulose, curdlan, dextran, gellan gum, rhamsan gum, scleroglucan,welan gum, xanthan gum, gelatin, carboxymethylcellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose,propylene glycol alginate, hydroxypropyl guar, modified starches, andmixtures thereof, (ii) a structural protein polymer selected from thegroup consisting of gluten, modified gluten, casein, soy, wheyconcentrate, chitosan, amylose, and mixtures thereof; and b) at least35% of a rheology modifier selected from the group consisting of a lowmolecular weight saccharide such as glycerin, fructose, afructooligosaccharide, a polyol, inulin having a degree ofpolymerization (DP) from about 2-20, and an average DP of about 4-7, anoligosaccharide, gum arabic, and partially hydrolyzed guar gum.
 11. Thereduced digestible carbohydrate food according to claim 10 wherein thenon-digestible protective material is pre-hydrated before admixture withthe digestible carbohydrate-based ingredient.
 12. The reduced digestiblecarbohydrate food according to claim 10 wherein the digestiblecarbohydrate-based ingredient is comprised in a grain flour.
 13. Thereduced digestible carbohydrate food according to claim 12 wherein thegrain flour is selected from the group consisting of flours of wheat,rye, barley, oat, sorghum, rice, corn, and potato.
 14. The reduceddigestible carbohydrate food according to claim 10, further comprisingan Ionic Property Modifier.
 15. A reduced digestible carbohydrate foodhaving a matrix structure, comprising: 1) a available carbohydratecomprising a protected carbohydrate, and 2) a non-digestible protectivematerial that forms a food film network within the matrix, thenon-digestible protective material having a breaking strength values ofgreater than about 50 dynes/cm², and a elongation to break of at leastabout 10%, and a viscosity of at least about 500 cP at a 10%concentration by weight in water, at 20° C.
 16. The reduced digestiblecarbohydrate food according to claim 15 wherein the breaking strength isgreater than about 500, and an elongation of at least 100%, and theviscosity is at least about
 1000. 17. The reduced digestiblecarbohydrate food according to claim 15 wherein the availablecarbohydrate is comprised in a grain flour.
 18. A reduced digestiblecarbohydrate food having a matrix structure, comprising: 1) a digestiblecarbohydrate-based ingredient in the form of discrete units, theingredient comprising a available carbohydrate, where a portion of theavailable carbohydrate comprises a protected carbohydrate, and 2) anon-digestible protective material that forms a food film network thatsurrounds the discrete units, to provide digestion resistance to theprotected carbohydrate.
 19. The reduced digestible carbohydrate foodaccording to claim 18 wherein the non-digestible protective materialcomprises, by weight: a) at least 10% of at least one of: (i) astructural/viscous fermentable material selected from the groupconsisting of carrageenan, furcellaran, alginate, gum arabic, gumghatti, gum tragacanth, karaya gum, guar gum, locust bean gum, tara gum,tamarind gum, inulin, arabinoxylans, b-glucans, xyloglucans, pectin,cellulose, curdlan, dextran, gellan gum, rhamsan gum, scleroglucan,welan gum, xanthan gum, gelatin, carboxymethylcellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose,propylene glycol alginate, hydroxypropyl guar, modified starches, andmixtures thereof, (ii) a structural protein polymer selected from thegroup consisting of gluten, modified gluten, casein, soy, wheyconcentrate, chitosan, amylose, and mixtures thereof; and b) at least35% of a rheology modifier selected from the group consisting of a lowmolecular weight saccharide such as glycerin, fructose, afructooligosaccharide, a polyol, inulin having a degree ofpolymerization (DP) from about 2-20 and an average DP of about 4-7, anoligosaccharides, gum arabic, and partially hydrolyzed guar gum.
 20. Thereduced digestible carbohydrate food according to claim 19, furthercomprising an Ionic Property Modifier selected from the group consistingof a monovalent cation, a divalent cation, and mixtures thereof.
 21. Amethod of making a reduced digestible carbohydrate ingredient,comprising the steps of: 1) providing a digestible carbohydrate-basedingredient comprising an amount of available carbohydrate, 2) providinga non-digestible protective hydrocolloid mixture, and 3) shearing thedigestible carbohydrate-based ingredient with the non-digestiblehydrocolloid mixture under conditions of shear sufficient to form thereduced digestible carbohydrate ingredient having a carbohydratedigestion resistance of at least 10%.
 22. The method according to claim21 wherein the carbohydrate digestion resistance is at least 30%. 23.The method according to claim 21 wherein the non-digestive protectivehydrocolloid mixture comprises: (1) at least one of: (i) astructural/viscous fermentable material selected from the groupconsisting of carrageenan, furcellaran, alginate, gum arabic, gumghatti, gum tragacanth, karaya gum, guar gum, locust bean gum, tara gum,tamarind gum, inulin, agar, konjac mannan, arabinoxylans, b-glucans,xyloglucans, pectin, cellulose, curdlan, dextran, gellan gum, rhamsangum, scleroglucan, welan gum, xanthan gum, gelatin,carboxymethylcellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, propylene glycol alginate,hydroxypropyl guar, modified starches, and mixtures thereof, and (ii) astructural protein polymer selected from the group consisting of gluten,modified gluten, casein, soy, whey concentrate, chitosan, amylose, andmixtures thereof; and (2) a rheology modifier selected from the groupconsisting of a low molecular weight saccharide such as glycerin,fructose, a fructooligosaccharide, a polyol, inulin having a degree ofpolymerization (DP) from about 2-20 and an average DP of about 4-7, anoligosaccharide, gum arabic, and partially hydrolyzed guar gum.
 24. Amethod of making a reduced digestible carbohydrate ingredient,comprising the steps of: 1) providing a digestible carbohydrate-basedingredient comprising a available carbohydrate and an intrinsicnon-digestible hydrocolloid, and 2) shearing the digestiblecarbohydrate-based ingredient under conditions of shear sufficient toform the reduced digestible carbohydrate ingredient having acarbohydrate digestion resistance of at least 10%.
 25. The methodaccording to claim 24 wherein the intrinsic non-digestible hydrocolloidcomprises at least one of: (i) a structural/viscous fermentable materialselected from the group consisting of carrageenan, furcellaran,alginate, gum arabic, gum ghatti, gum tragacanth, karaya gum, guar gum,locust bean gum, tara gum, tamarind gum, inulin, agar, konjac mannan,arabinoxylans, b-glucans, xyloglucans, pectin, cellulose, curdlan,dextran, gellan gum, rhamsan gum, scleroglucan, welan gum, xanthan gum,gelatin, carboxymethylcellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, propylene glycol alginate,hydroxypropyl guar, modified starches, and mixtures thereof, and (ii) astructural protein polymer selected from the group consisting of gluten,modified gluten, casein, soy, whey concentrate, chitosan, amylose, andmixtures thereof.
 26. The method according to claim 24 furthercomprising the step of providing and shearing with the digestiblecarbohydrate-based ingredient, a rheology modifier selected from thegroup consisting of a low molecular weight saccharide such as glycerin,fructose, a fructooligosaccharide, a polyol, inulin having a degree ofpolymerization (DP) from about 2-20 and an average DP of about 4-7, anoligosaccharide, gum arabic, and partially hydrolyzed guar gum.
 27. Amethod of reducing the blood glucose response of a meal, comprising thesteps of: 1) providing a reduced digestible carbohydrate food comprisingan effective amount of a non-digestible protective ingredient, 2)providing a second food comprising digestible carbohydrate, 3) consuminga meal comprising the reduced digestible carbohydrate food and thesecond food, and 4) co-digesting the foods or the meal, wherebynon-digestible protective ingredient protects the digestiblecarbohydrate in the second food from digestion and reduces the bloodglucose response of the second food.
 28. The method according to claim27 wherein the step of consuming of the meal causes a viscous chyme toform in the gastrointestinal tract, wherein the viscous chyme inhibitsthe digestion of the digestible carbohydrate.
 29. A reduced digestiblecarbohydrate food, made from a digestible carbohydrate-based ingredientcomprising digestible carbohydrate, and a non-digestible protectivematerial, wherein the glycemic load of the reduced digestiblecarbohydrate food is at least 30% less than the glycemic load of aconventional food made from the digestible carbohydrate-basedingredient, excluding any dilution of the reduced digestiblecarbohydrate food by the non-digestible protective material.
 30. Thereduced digestible carbohydrate food according to claim 29, whereinglycemic load of the digestive-resistant carbohydrate material is nomore than 90%, more typically no more than 50%, and even more typicallyno more than 10%, of the glycemic load of the digestiblecarbohydrate-based ingredient.
 31. A reduced digestible carbohydratefood, made from a digestible carbohydrate-based ingredient comprisingdigestible carbohydrate, and a non-digestible protective material,wherein the glycemic index of the reduced digestible carbohydrate foodis at least 30% less than the glycemic index of a conventional food madefrom the digestible carbohydrate-based ingredient, excluding anydilution of the reduced digestible carbohydrate food by thenon-digestible protective material.
 32. The reduced digestiblecarbohydrate food according to claim 31, wherein glycemic index of thereduced digestible carbohydrate food is no more than 90%, more typicallyno more than 50%, and even more typically no more than 10%, of theglycemic load of the digestible carbohydrate-based ingredient.
 33. Anon-digestible protective food additive, comprising by weight: a) atleast one of: (i) a structural/viscous fermentable material selectedfrom the group consisting of carrageenan, furcellaran, alginate, gumarabic, gum ghatti, gum tragacanth, karaya gum, guar gum, locust beangum, tara gum, tamarind gum, inulin, agar, konjac mannan, arabinoxylans,b-glucans, xyloglucans, pectin, cellulose, curdlan, dextran, gellan gum,rhamsan gum, scleroglucan, welan gum, xanthan gum, gelatin,carboxymethylcellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, propylene glycol alginate,hydroxypropyl guar, modified starches, and mixtures thereof, and (ii) astructural protein polymer selected from the group consisting of gluten,modified gluten, casein, soy, whey concentrate, chitosan, amylose, andmixtures thereof; and b) a rheology modifier selected from the groupconsisting of a low molecular weight saccharide such as glycerin,fructose, a fructooligosaccharide, a polyol, inulin having a degree ofpolymerization (DP) from about 2-20 and an average DP of about 4-7, anoligosaccharide, gum arabic, and partially hydrolyzed guar gum.
 34. Ause of a food additive according to claim 33, for reducing the bloodglucose response of a food to which it is added.
 35. A reduceddigestible carbohydrate flour in particulate form, comprising: 1) adigestible carbohydrate-based flour, and 2) a non-digestible protectiveingredient.
 36. The modified carbohydrate-based ingredient according toclaim 35, wherein the digestible carbohydrate-based ingredient is agrain flour, and the non-digestible protective ingredient comprises: (1)at least one of: (i) a structural/viscous fermentable material selectedfrom the group consisting of carrageenan, furcellaran, alginate, gumarabic, gum ghatti, gum tragacanth, karaya gum, guar gum, locust beangum, tara gum, tamarind gum, inulin, agar, konjac mannan, arabinoxylans,b-glucans, xyloglucans, pectin, cellulose, curdlan, dextran, gellan gum,rhamsan gum, scleroglucan, welan gum, xanthan gum, gelatin,carboxymethylcellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, propylene glycol alginate,hydroxypropyl guar, modified starches, and mixtures thereof, and (ii) astructural protein polymer selected from the group consisting of gluten,modified gluten, casein, soy, whey concentrate, chitosan, amylose, andmixtures thereof; and (2) a rheology modifier selected from the groupconsisting of a low molecular weight saccharide such as glycerin,fructose, a fructooligosaccharide, a polyol, inulin having a degree ofpolymerization (DP) from about 2-20 and an average DP of about 4-7, anoligosaccharide, gum arabic, and partially hydrolyzed guar gum.
 37. Areduced digestible carbohydrate food product made by using the reduceddigestible carbohydrate flour according to claim 36 as a substitute fora conventional grain and other vegetable flour.
 38. The food productaccording to claim 37 wherein the food product is a dough, a bread or abakery product.
 39. A reduced digestible carbohydrate pasta comprising:a) the grain flour is selected from the group consisting of flours ofwheat, rye, barley, oat, sorghum, rice, corn, and potato, and b) anon-digestible protective material selected from the group consistingof: (1) at least one of: (i) a structural/viscous fermentable materialselected from the group consisting of carrageenan, furcellaran,alginate, gum arabic, gum ghatti, gum tragacanth, karaya gum, guar gum,locust bean gum, tara gum, tamarind gum, inulin, agar, konjac mannan,arabinoxylans, b-glucans, xyloglucans, pectin, cellulose, curdlan,dextran, gellan gum, rhamsan gum, scleroglucan, welan gum, xanthan gum,gelatin, carboxymethylcellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, propylene glycol alginate,hydroxypropyl guar, modified starches, and mixtures thereof, (ii) astructural protein polymer selected from the group consisting of gluten,modified gluten, casein, soy, whey concentrate, chitosan, amylose, andmixtures thereof; and (2) a rheology modifier selected from the groupconsisting of a low molecular weight saccharide such as glycerin,fructose, a fructooligosaccharide, a polyol, inulin having a degree ofpolymerization (DP) from about 2-20 and an average DP of about 4-7, anoligosaccharide, gum arabic, and partially hydrolyzed guar gum.
 40. Thepasta according to claim 39 wherein the flour is wheat flour, whereinthe structural/viscous fermentable material is selected from the groupconsisting of xanthan gum, guar gum, locust bean gum, pectin, alginates,carrageenan, tragacanth gum, karaya gum, inulin having a degree ofpolymerization (DP) from 2-60 fructose units (FU) and an average DP of8-12 FU, and inulin having a DP from 15-60 FU and an average DP of about15-30 FU.
 41. The pasta according to claim 39 further comprising anIonic Property Modifier selected from the group consisting of amonovalent cation, a divalent cation, and mixtures thereof.